Взаимосвязь культур, языка и этноса

I want to tell you about Tower Bridge.

Tower Bridge was opened in 1894. It takes its name from the Tower of London. The hydraulic mechanism can raise and lower the bridge in about one and a half minutes. The covered walkway between the two towers is opened to the public and offers a spectacular view of London.

The city’s greatest monument, St.Paul’s Cathedral was built by Sir Christopher Wren between 1675 and 1710 to replace the old Cathedral that was largely destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666.

Christopher Wren is buried there. Among the many memorials to famous men within the Cathedral are the tombs of Wellington, victor of Waterloo, and Nelson, hero of Trafalgar.

VI. Работа с диалогами

– Now let’s listen to the dialogue. I’m sure that we will know some interesting facts.

– Hello Lena.

– Hello, Iran.

– I’m very glad to see you. Today I want to show you some marvelous places in London.

– Oh, what a good idea!

– Look, we are near the Trafalgar Square.

– What is situated in the center of the square?

– It’s a column of Admiral Nelson. He was a man who served his country best. He was brave and skillful admiral.

– Fantastic! I see the Houses of Parliament. It’s a marvelous sight! Especially the Big Ben.

– Yes, it is the Clock Tower, 320 feet high and is famous for its immense bell, known as “Big Ben”.

– Super! Thank you for your tour. It was the tops!

– Not at all. I’m very glad that you like it. Good-bye.

– Good-bye!

– Thank you for your very interesting dialogue. Let’s continue our travelling. As usual we have the guide. Our guide will be Sveta. Please.

– Hello, ladies and gentlemen. I’m very glad to see you. I will be your guide. You can ask me the questions and I try to answer.

– How many peoples do live in London?

– About seven million people live in London.

– How old is London?

– London is more than two thousand years old.

– What are the most marvelous sights are in London?

– There are some interesting places in London. They are Big Ben, Westminster Abbey, Tower Bridge, St.Paul’s Cathedral, Trafalgar Square, Houses of Parliament and some others.

– Thank for your questions. Now you have the opportunity to visit some of them.

– Thank you for the interesting dialogues.

VII. Работа с символикой стран

– You know that every country have the symbols. Let’s repeat some of them. I will show you and you tell me whose symbol is it.

Учитель показывает картинки с изображением символов Шотландии, Уэльса, Ирландии, Англии. Также повторяют флаги англо-говорящих стран.

VIII. Историческая справка

– I also told you about some facts from the history of England. Today you know some facts about Buckingham Palace.

Buckingham Palace is the official residence of Her Majesty the Queen and her family. It isn’t open to the public. The first monarch who took residence there was Queen Victoria. When Her Majesty is in residence the Royal Standards flies over the east of Buckingham Palace.

IX. Работа с вопросами викторины

– Thank you very much for your stories. Now I suggest you to answer the questions about the interesting information that you learnt during this unit. Open your book on page 144 exercise 5. I’ll give you 1–2 minutes and than we’ll check it.

1. А lake in Scotland in which a mysterious monster lives? (Loch ness)

2. А city famous for its illumination displays? (Blackpool)

3. А famous stadium in England where football matches take place? (Wambley)

4. А popular name of the London Underground? (Tube)

5. Оne of the four great world tennis tournaments played on grass? (Wimbledon)

6. А product Cadbury’s is famous for? (Chocolate)

7. Оne of the pieces of street furniture which is red in colour and which history goes back to 1853? (Pillar box)

8. А bus with two floors? (Double-decker)

9. A popular British brand name cornflakes? (Kellog’s)

– Now let’s check the answer of the questions.

Учащиеся зачитывают и переводят свои ответы.

X. Самостоятельная творческая работа учащихся

– Make up, please, the list of places of interests in London with some important facts that you remember from our lessons. Or you can do a small booklet of sights of London. You can work in pairs.

XI. Проверка самостоятельной работы

– Now let’s check your works.

Учащиеся зачитывают свои работы, учитель исправляет допущенные учащимися неточности или ошибки.

XII. Итог урока

– Thank you for the lesson. I think you liked our travelling.

Учитель выставляет оценки учащимся.

Приложение 2

I.   Диалог “The Wonderful World of the English Language” по теме    “Learning Languages”

- Have you ever wondered how many people there are in the world who speak English?

- I’m sure, it’s quite a number and I’m one of them.

- As for me I study English too and it’s my favourite subject, I should say.

- I know it perfectly well that learning English nowadays is a must. English is   widespread. In fact, it is represented in every continent and in the three main oceans: the Atlantic, the Indian and the Pacific.

- Really, it’s an interesting world we live in. By the way the modern world is becoming bigger and wider, but on the other hand, it’s becoming closer thanks to international relations. It means that we need a global language.

- To my mind, English has better chances to become a language of international communication. So why not learn it?

- Besides, it’s a very beautiful language. It has a lot of interesting idioms, catchphrases, proverbs, puns, limericks. Listen, what deep meaning these proverbs have:

   a) The proof of the pudding is in its eating. – Чтобы узнать каков пудинг, надо его отведать.

   b) If there were no clouds, we shouldn’t enjoy the sun. – Не будь на небе пасмурных дней, мы бы не радовались солнцу.

- Besides, a great number of idioms and catchphrases make the language richer and more exciting.

- Don’t forget, English is the native language for a lot of famous people. The first place is taken by William Shakespeare, a great English poet and playwright. He made much to enrich the language.

- I agree with you. When Shakespeare has said a thing, it seems impossible that it could ever be said in a better way.

- Open any of his plays and you’ll immediately see why he has learned this praise. His sonnets are among the most charming gems of poetry in the English language. Just listen:

Sonnet 21

So is it with me as with that Muse,

Stirr’d by a painted to his verse,

Who heaven itself for ornament dots use,

And every fair with his fair dots rehearse,

Making a couplement of proud compare

With sun and moon, with earth and sea’s rich gems,

With April’s first – born flowers, and all things rare

That heaven’s air this huge rondure hems

O, let me, true in love, but truly write,

And then believe me, my love is as fair

As any mother’s child, though not so bright                                                                    

As those gold candles fixt in heaven’s air:

Let them say more that like of hearsay well;                                             

I will not praise that purpose not to.

-  It’s fantastic. Let’s find the translation of this sonnet or make it ourselves.          

- OK, let’s try. I think it will be interesting

Приложение 3

I. Read the idioms and choose the right variant

1. to be in the blues

a) to like the music in the style of blues
b) to be in the bad mood
c) to take part in music club

2. to pick up the language

a) to learn language by listening to native speakers, without learning grammar rules
b) to collect different language dialects
c) to study various meanings of one word

3. nitty - gritty

a) good weather
b) funny situation
c) details and facts of any situation

4. Mc Coy

a. real, original thing
b. clever boy
c. interesting film

5. Mickey Mouse

a. famous American cartoon
b. funny, not very serious thing
c. a kind of clothes

Keys: 1.-b, 2.-a, 3.-c, 4.-a. 5.-b

II. Use the following idioms in the short conversations:

Mexican carwash,

to pick up the language,

to have the blues.

1. - You haven’t washed your car again?!

- Why? I have organized a Mexican carwash.

- I see, you’ve left your car out in the rain.

- Look, it’s raining heavily and the car will be perfectly clean.

2. - It is nice we have got together. It's a good chance to make new friends, because most of us speak the same language.

- You mean the English language?

- It goes without saying. English is the international language.

- But there is a man in the Canadian group who doesn't speak English. He is an immigrant from the South America.

- What language does he speak?

- I suppose Spanish.

- It is a good chance for him to pick up a language.

- To pick up language, what is it?

- To pick up language is to learn a language by listening to native speakers, without taking lessons and studying the grammar rules and vocabulary.

- Oh, I see.

3. - Hello, Alice. How are you?

- Not very well indeed. The weather is rainy and the day is nasty, besides I have a headache.

- But I suppose it's no good to have the blues. Remember of something good or dial to your friend.

- I think you are right. Thanks for cheering me up.

Приложение 4

Рассмотрим 2 отрывка из разных книг с точки зрения культурных аспектов.

The awful mystery was cleared up the next afternoon on what turned out to be a red-letter day. First, I took the math test. I worked very carefully and was the last kid to turn my test in. I wasn’t sure how well I’d done, but I knew I had tried my best, which is not something I can say often.

But, boy, was I surprised when Mr. Peters found me at my locker at the end of the school day and said, “Congratulations, Claudia!”

“On what?” I asked warily.

“I started grading the test papers at lunch today. Yours was on top. I thought you’d like to know that you got an eighty-six.”

“Really? An eighty-six? What is that, a B?”

“A ‘B’ or a B-plus, depending on how the rest of the class does. I can tell you’ve been working hard. It’s really showing. Keep it up.”

“I will, oh, I will! Thank you!”

As if that weren’t enough excitement, I was baby-sitting for Nina and Eleonor Marshall a couple of hours later when the phone rang. I picked it up nervously. [Ann M. Martin: 146]

Приведенный выше отрывок взят из серии книг для подростков. Физическое восприятие текста и обращение к контексту дает нам необходимую информацию о героине, по имени Клодия, которая учится в школе. Однако даже в таком небольшом отрывке присутствуют слова и выражения, требующие обращения к их глубинным значениям, так как это реалии, необходимые для разъяснения.

Русскоязычных школьников может поставить в тупик фраза a red-letter day, которую дословно можно перевести как день красной буквы. Такой перевод может еще больше озадачить русскоязычного читателя. В данном случае поверхностное значение фразы не совпадает с ее глубинным значением. Читатель догадается, что имеет дело с метафорой, но не всегда сумеет самостоятельно дойти до понимания глубинного значения. В Новом Англо-русском словаре  дается перевод указанной фразы с учетом культурных реалий, совпадающих в данном случае с Российскими представлениями - красный день календаря, т.е. нерабочий, праздничный, при этом добавлено еще одно значение - счастливый день. Обращение к контексту показывает, что речь идет не о праздничном, а о рабочем дне, так как у Клодии в этот день был тест по математике. Следовательно, эта фраза означает счастливый день.

Следующее слово, требующее разъяснение - locker. Хотя его поверхностное значение не вызывает вопросов, сама реалия требует разъяснения. Тот факт, что в США учащиеся хранят личные вещи (верхнюю одежду, книги и пр.) в отдельных запирающихся шкафчиках, которые находятся в определенном месте в школе, известен далеко не всем русскоязычным читателям и поэтому далеко не каждый поймет, у какого шкафчика была Клодиа.

Фраза grading the test papers и последующие eighty-six, a B, и B-plus понятны при условии, что читатель знает систему оценки знаний в Американской школе – в процентах до 100 и буквами A, B, C, D, E.

Baby-sitting, baby-sitter – фразы, отражающие быт в Америке. Все подростки-девочки зарабатывают карманные деньги, оставаясь с маленькими детьми, пока их родители уходят в гости или по делам.

Второй отрывок взят из книги популярной американской писательницы Даниэллы Стил. Уже само название романа Special Delivery требует комментария, так как поверхностное значение - срочная доставка - не совпадает с его глубинным значением, которое может быть понято только после прочтения большей части книги. Слово delivery помимо значений доставка, поставка имеет также значение – роды, и в данном романе речь идет о неожиданном, но счастливом рождении ребенка. В то же время героиня романа – 50-летняя женщина хочет родить ребенка и отдать его своей дочери, которая уже 2 года не может забеременеть. Следовательно, название романа, отражает поверхностное значение и имеет глубинный смысл - Подарок судьбы, или Особый подарок.

This time they decided not to delude themselves, and pretend that their children were going to be happy for them. And Amanda decided, when she planned it with Jack, not to make dinner for them. They were going to invite them over for cocktails. It was going to be short and to the point, and probably horrible. But they were going to tell their children collectively that she was pregnant. And then the roof would fall in. But at least this time they both expected it.

Everyone arrived at six-fifteen. Julie was sweet when she came in, both Jan and Louise were tense, and Paul was more pleasant than usual to his father. They had already discussed it amongst themselves, and they were braced for it. They figured that Jack and Amanda were telling them they were getting married. They weren’t pleased about it, and Louise had already said she was going to try to talk her out of it. But at least they knew what to expect now.

They all sat down in the living room. Jack served drinks. He poured himself a Scotch, and the others drank wine. Amanda had nothing. And Louise had water. And she decided to take the bull by the horns while the others waited politely.

“Okay,” she said, looking glib, “when’s the wedding?”

“It isn’t,” Amanda said calmly. “We’re not getting married. Not for the moment anyway. We’ve decided to wait. But we wanted you to know, I’m pregnant.” You could have heard a pin drop in the room, and Louise turned the color of chalk as she stared at her mother.

“Tell me you’re joking. It’s April Fools’ and I forgot to look at my calendar. Tell me you didn’t say that.”

“I did. It came as a shock to us too. But there it is. There’s no point hiding from it. It’s due in October.” She glanced over at Jack and he gave her thumbs-up. She was doing fine, and it took a full five minutes for it to hit them.

“I take it you’re not having an abortion.” As usual, Louise was the spokesperson for the two sisters. Jan had been shocked into silence. And this time, even Julie was quiet. Paul was looking daggers at his father. [Danielle Steel: 181-182]

Герои отрывка: Аманда – вдова и мать двух дочерей – Джан и Луиз. Джек – разведенный холостяк: отец Пола и Джули. Пол женат на Джан. Семья принадлежит к высшему обществу, на что указывают такие фразы в тексте как to invite them over for cocktails; Everyone arrived at six-fifteen. Только в богатых семьях приглашают на коктейль, а гости приезжают в 6.15. По правилам этикета приглашенные на вечер должны прибыть на 15 минут позже назначенного времени.

На поверхностном уровне представлены взаимоотношения между родителями и детьми в семье. Родители близки со своими детьми и прекрасно знают, что дети отнесутся отрицательно к той новости, которую они собираются им сообщить, а именно, о беременности Аманды. На это указывает фраза в тексте - not to delude themselves, and pretend that their children were going to be happy for them. В тексте используется метафора, подчеркивающая ожидаемое отрицательное восприятие этой новости - the roof would fall in, которую можно сравнить с русским вариантом как гром с ясного неба, указывающую на неожиданность и невозможность данного события.

Дети, получив приглашение, спрогнозировали его причину как сообщение о женитьбе, так как знали о любовном романе между их родителями. Они не одобряли его - They weren’t pleased about it. Старшая дочь Аманды собиралась отговаривать мать от предполагаемого брака - talk her out of it. Именно она начала разговор, “взяв быка за рога” - to take the bull by the horns. В данном случае английское идиоматическое выражение совпадает с русским. Но новость Аманды поразила их настолько, что реакцией была мертвая тишина, которая в отрывке подчеркивается сравнением You could have heard a pin drop in the room, а Луиз побелела как мел - turned the color of chalk.

Луиз не может поверить услышанному. It’s April Fools’ and I forgot to look at my calendar. Она считает, что это шутка, и просит подтвердить свою уверенность фразой о первоапрельской шутке – в английском варианте – день дурака в апреле. Сын Джека бросал на отца гневные взгляды - Paul was looking daggers at his father.

Джек одобряет поведение Аманды, и он показывает ей свою поддержку при помощи жеста – большие пальцы рук, направленные вверх - he gave her thumbs-up. Этот жест и в английском, и в русском языках означает одобрение, хотя для русского языка характерен жест только одной рукой.

Анализ данных текстов наглядно показывает, что знание поверхностного значения слов не является достаточным для понимания глубинного значения и смысла высказывания. Безусловно, не каждый текст характеризуется всеми приведенными выше особенностями, но несомненным является необходимость их изучения.

Для лучшего понимания важности культурологических аспектов можно предложить учащимся следующие задания.

1.      Каждому учащемуся предлагается вспомнить идиоматическое выражение, пословицу или поговорку на родном языке, которое они затем переводят на английский язык и записывают перевод на листок бумаги.