Лекция по "Иностранному языку"

9. Он пришел сюда, чтобы поговорить со мной.  

1. to be speaking
2. to speak
3. to have been speaking
4. to have spoken

10. Вероятно, он опоздал на поезд.

1. to miss
2. to have been missing
3. to be missing
4. to have missed

    Упражнение 2. Вставьте частицу to  перед инфинитивом, где необходимо:

1. I’d like…dance. 2. She made me …repeat my words several times. 3. She did not let her mother …go away. 4. I like …play the guitar. 5. My brother can…speak French. 6. We had … put on our overcoats because it was cold. 7. They wanted…cross the river. 8. May I …use your telephone? 9. I would rather…stay at home today. 10. I think I shall be able …solve this problem. 

    Упражнение 3. Укажите, какие действия обозначают различные формы инфинитива, и определите их залог:

1. I’m sorry not to have come on Thursday  ( = that I didn’t come on Thursday).
2. He seems to have missed the train.
3. He seems to have been sitting here all day.
4. She ought to be told about it.
5. I didn’t expect to be invited.
6. Nothing seems to have been forgotten.
7. He seems to be smoking a lot.
8. I decided not to become an engineer.
9. It’s nice to be sitting here with you.
10. He came here to speak to me, not to you.

1. действие, предшествовавшее  действию глагола сказуемого;

2. действие в его  развитии, происходящее одновременно с действием глагола-сказуемого;
3. действие, одновременное с действием глагола-сказуемого;
4. действие, безотносительно к моменту его совершения;
5. действие, относящееся к будущему;
6. длительное действие, совершавшееся в течение отрезка времени, пред-шествовавшего действию глагола-сказуемого;
7. активный залог;
8. пассивный залог.

 

    Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения с инфинитивом в разных функциях:

        а)   «То» -формы (инфинитив) в функции подлежащего

1. It is difficult to solve this problem. 2. It is easy to make mistakes. 3. It was

impossible to explain what I meant. 4. It was difficult to sell my car. 5. To answer the question is not easy.6. To find that it was only a joke greatly disappoited us. 7. To restore the ruined sculpture was impossible. 8. To ask you a few questions on the matter is my duty.  9. Is it possible to get a ticket for tomorrow? 10. To talk of it now is needless.

             b) «То» – форма в функции именной части составного именного сказуемого

1. Your task is to become a good engineer. 2.Your duty was to inform me about it immediately. 3. Our plan was to finish the work before their arrival. 4. Your next task is to check up the results of the observations. 5. The last thing I meant was to offend you. 6. What I have come for is to wish you every success and congratulate you. 7. The only thing that could do you good is to take a long rest. 8. The next move he had made was to consult an experienced lawyer. 9. The best thing to do now is to see what turn things will take.

             с)“To” – форма как часть составного глагольного сказуемого

1. He must have sold his piano. 2. Could he speak English in childhood? 3. Ann had to go to the dentist. 4. You may take this book if you want. 5. I had to take a taxi, otherwise I should have missed the train. 6. They won’t be able to buy anything but lemonade on the train.7. These carpets are to be cleaned as soon as possible. 8. We were to go to the cinema that afternoon. 9.Can your mother drive a car? 10.He could swim very well when he was young.

        d) “To” – формы (инфинитив) в функции прямого дополнения

1. He asked me to wait a little. 2. I told him to go there. 3. They demanded to be shown all the documents. 4. We asked to be given convincing evidence. 5. I want to be helped. 6.The engineer advised them to use new methods of work. 7.We asked the guests to come at 7 o’clock. 8.Who told you to do this work?

             e) “To” – формы (инфинитив) в функции определения

1.The children have a good garden to play in. 2.Give me a knife to cut the bread with. 3.I’m sure he will be the first to come to the meeting. 4.He needed a place to live in. 5.Can you give me some work to do? 6.Have you anything to cure a bad cold? 7.I need a box to hold my chessmen. 8.He looked at the shelves of books to be read and understood. 9.This is a mineral to be found only in this part of the country. 10.There are so many letters to be answered.

             f) “To”-формы (инфинитив) в функции обстоятельства цели или следствия

1. I’ve come here to have a talk with you. 2. To perfect his knowledge of English he has gone to England . 3. I shall go on working late today so as to be free tomorrow. 4. To earn much money my brother needed this job. 5. He stopped for a minute to rest. 6. I got up early (in order) to have time to pack. 7. I’m starting now, in order not to miss the beginning of the concert. 8. The air must be compressed to occupy a smaller volume. 9. To be properly understood this rule is to be explained once more. 10. He went to Germany to meet his friends whom he had not seen for many years.

 

    Упражнение 5. Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму инфинитива

1. He seems (to read) a lot. 2. He seems (to read) now. 3. He seems (to read) all the books in the library. 4. We expect (to be) back in two days. 5. We expected (to help) by the teacher. 6. I am sorry (to break) your pen. 7. The children seem (to play) since morning. 8. I want (to take) you to the concert. 9. She hoped (to help) by her friends. 10. I hope (to see) you soon.

Инфинитивные конструкции

                                         (Complex Object)

Объектный инфинитивный оборот (сложное дополнение)

 

    Сложное дополнение состоит из  дополнения предложения (объекта  действия) и инфинитива с зависимыми  словами.

 

                                              переводится подлежащим          переводится

                                                                                                      cказуемым         

дают  главное предложение     (союзы  чтобы,    придаточного предложение

                                                       что, как)      

 

Например:

He                    wanted                      me                                 to read this book.

Он                     хотел,                  чтобы  я                       прочитал эту книгу.

    

После глаголов, выражающих чувственное восприятие (to see - видеть, to

hear - слышать, to feel - чувствовать, to watch, to observe - наблюдать to notice - замечать) и глагола to make - (заставлять, принуждать) инфинитив употребляется без частицы to.

Например:

I heard Prof.N deliver a lecture on the subject.

Я слышал, как профессор Н. читал лекцию на эту тему.

 

Значения некоторых  глаголов, используемых в предложениях с Сomplex Object в качестве сказуемых.

 
 

    Упражнение 6. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя сложное дополнение с инфинитивом.

        E.g. : He dropped his leg. I saw it. – I saw him drop his leg.

1. I saw him. He pointed to a picture on the wall. 2. We saw that the children climbed to the tops of the trees. 3. I noticed that Henry went up and spoke to the stranger. 4. He slipped and fell. I saw it. 5. I saw that he opened the door and left the room. 6. They turned the corner and disappeared. We watched them. 7. The doctor touched the boy’s leg. The boy felt it. 8. Pete bought some flowers. His friends saw it. 9. Tamara saw that the waves carried the boat away. 10. Have you heard how he sings the part of Herman in Tchaikovsky’s “Queen of Spades”?

    Упражнение 7. Переведите на русский язык предложения со сложным дополнением, выраженным инфинитивом.

1. She felt her hands tremble. 2. He felt his heart beat with joy. 3. Nobody noticed him come in and sit down. 4. I felt Nick put his hand on my shoulder. 5. She felt tears roll down her cheeks.6. We saw them jump with parachutes. 7. I heard the door of the entrance hall open and close softly. 8. They all gathered on the hill to watch the sun rise. 9. I heard him tell the teacher about it. 10. She heard somebody walk up to her door.

       Complex Subject

        Субъектный  инфинитивный оборот (cложное подлежащее)

 

    Сложное  подлежащее состоит:  из подлежащего  предложения и инфинитива с  зависимыми словами.

 
 
 
 

    Например:

 

 

    Сказуемое может быть выражено:

a) глаголом в Passive Voice: to say, to know, to suppose, to think, to consider, to report и т.д.

б) глаголом в Active Voice: to seem, to appear «oказаться», to prove, to turn out «оказаться», to happen, to chance «случайно оказаться»;

в) сочетаниями: to be likely «вероятно», «возможно»; to be unlikely «маловероятно»; to be sure, to be certain «несомненно», «обязательно».

Например:

1. He is known to work at a laboratory.–Известно, что он работает в лаборатории.
2. The soil proved to be rich in minerals.– Оказалось, что почва богата                                                                                     минералами.

с) Water is likely to be present on Mars. – Возможно, что на Марсе есть вода.

Также предложения с субъектным инфинитивным оборотом можно переводить простым  предложением, употребляя неопределенно-личный оборот как вводное предложение.

Например:

Any substance or material                                      Любое вещество или материал,                    

is known to consist of billions                                как известно, состоит из

of atoms and molecules.                                         миллиардов атомов и молекул.

 
 
 
 

    Упражнение 8. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя сложное подлежащее.

E.g.: It is believed that the poem was written by Byron. – The poem is believed to have been written by Byron.

1. People consider the climate there to be very healthful. 2. It is expected that the performance will be a success. 3. It is said that the book is popular with both old and young. 4. It was supposed that the crops would be rich that year. 5. It was reported that five ships were missed after the battle. 6. It appeared that he was losing patience. 7. It happened that I was present at the opening session. 8. It turned out that my prediction was correct. 9. It seems they know all about it. 10. It seems they have heard all about it.

 

    Упражнение 9. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на сложное подлежащее.

1. Many books are known to be published in our country every year. 2. His invention is considered to be of great importance. 3. For a long time the atom was thought to be indivisible. 4. He was said to be one of the most promising nuclear physicist. 5. She appeared to be an excellent actress. 6. This work seems to take much time. 7. The percentage of carbon in this steel turned out to be low. 8. They are sure to acknowledge your talent. 9. The article is likely to appear in the next issue of the journal. 10. She is not likely to change her opinion.

 

Упражнение 10. Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму инфинитива. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.