Лекция по "Иностранному языку"

Автор: Пользователь скрыл имя, 06 Февраля 2011 в 12:12, лекция

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Типичные для Present Continuous обстоятельства времени: now-сейчас, теперь; at this moment-в настоящий момент; at the present time – в настоящее время; at present – сейчас, still- все еще.

They are writing a test at this moment.- В данный момент они пишут тест.

I am speaking Hungarian now.- Сейчас я говорю на венгерском языке.

We are not working at the present time, because we have a break.- Мы не работаем в настоящее время потому, что у нас перерыв.

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В главном предложении следует употреблять Past Simple, так как действие придаточного предложения предшествует главному.

I had finished my work before he came.-Я закончил свою работу перед тем, как он пришел.

Действие главного предложения предшествует действию придаточного, поэтому в главном предложении следует употреблять Past Perfect.

Past Perfect употребляются в главном предложении при наличии наречий hardly, scarcely, no sooner.

He had hardly (scarcely) entered the rouse, when it started to rain. - Едва он вошёл в дом, как начался дождь.

No sooner had he arrived, than he felt ill. – Не успел он приехать, как заболел.

Упражнение 2.Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Simple или Past Perfect.

1.By two o’clock the teacher (to examine) all the students. 2. On may way to school I (to remember) that I (tо leave) my report at home 3. All my friends (to be) glad to hear that I (to pass) all the examinations successfully..4 Poor Oliver (to lie) unconscious on the spot where Sikes (to leave) him. 5. By the time we (to come) to see him, (to return) home. 6. When they(to enter) the hall, the performance already (to begin). 7. Where you (to work) before you (to enter) the University? 8. Lanny (to say) that he (to get) his education in Cape Town. 9. When I came home, my mother (to tell) me she (to receive) a letter. 10. She (to think) Gert and Lanny (to quarrel).

Future Perfect Tense

(действие завершится раньше другого в будущем или к определенному моменту).

shall / will + have+Ved\3fV (Participle II)

+ I shall (will) have written my composition by the time you come.

– К тому времени как ты придешь, я напишу свое сочинение.

? Will you have written your composition by the time I come?

– Ты напишешь сочинение к тому времени когда я подойду?

I shall (will) not have written my composition by the time you come.

- Я не напишу свое сочинение к тому времени, как ты придешь.

Обратите внимание на согласование времен: если в главном предложении употребляется Future Perfect , то в придаточном - Present Indefinite.

Future Perfect Tense свойственны те же обстоятельства времени, что и Past Perfect, только действие относится к будущему.

Упражнение 3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в одном из будущих времен.

1. I (to do) my homework by 6 tomorrow. 2. I (to do) all my work by the time you come. 3. You (to repair) this car by next Sunday? 4. You (to come) to my place tomorrow ? 5. She (to see off ) me after they (to arrive) next time? 6. All the students (to pass) their exams by the end of this year. 7. I (to eat) before I (to go) to the university. 8. You (to give) all the documents for checking by the end of the working day. 9. We (to check up) our homework when the cellphone (сотовый телефон) (to ring). 10. I (to call) you every week.

СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ

TO BE + PARTICIPLE II

Глагол употребляется в страдательном залоге, если подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, подвергающийся действию со стороны другого лица или предмета.

Например:

The planets are attracted by the sun. – Планеты притягиваются солнцем.

“Poltava” was written by Pushkin in 1828. – «Полтава» была написана Пушкиным в 1828 году.

Простые времена Simple (Indefinite) в страдательном залоге

Present Simple (Indefinite) Passive

am/ is/ are + Ved\3fV (Participle II)

Утвердительные предложения	Отрицательные предложения	Вопросительные предложения
I am visited I am taken	I am not visited I am not taken	Am I visited? Am I taken?
He is visited He is taken	He is not visited He is not taken	Is he visited? Is he taken?
We are visited We are taken	We are not visited We are not taken	Are we visited? Are we taken?

Past Simple (Indefinite) Passive

was/ were + Ved\3fV (Participle II)

Утвердительные предложения	Отрицательные предложения	Вопросительные предложения
I was visited I was taken	I was not visited I was not taken	Was I visited? Was I taken?
He was visited He was taken	He was not visited He was not taken	Was he visited? Was he taken?
We were visited We were taken	We were not visited We were not taken	Were we visited? Were we taken?

Future Simple (Indefinite) Passive

shall/will be + Ved\3fV (Participle II)

Утвердительные предложения	Отрицательные предложения	Вопросительные предложения
I shall* be visited I shall be taken	I shall not be visited I shall not be taken	Shall I be visited? Shall I be taken?
He will be visited He will be taken	He will not be visited He will not be taken	Will he be visited? Will he betaken?
We shall be visited We shall be taken	We shall not be visited We shall not be taken	Shall we be visited? Shall we be taken?

Длительные времена Progressive (Continuous) в страдательном залоге.

Present Progressive (Continuous) Passive

am/ is/ are + being + Ved\3fV (Participle II)

Утвердительные предложения	Отрицательные предложения	Вопросительные предложения
I am being visited I am being taken	I am not being visited I am not being taken	Am I being visited? Am I being taken?
He is being visited He is being taken	He is not being visited He is not being taken	Is he being visited? Is He being taken?
We are being visited We are being taken	We are not being visited We are not being taken	Are we being visited? Are we being taken?

Past Progressive (Continuous) Passive

was/were + being + Ved\3fV (Participle II)

Утвердительные предложения	Отрицательные предложения	Вопросительные предложения
I was being visited I was being taken	I was not being visited I was not being taken	Was I being visited? Was 1 being taken?
He was being visited He was being taken	He was not being visited He was not being taken	Was he being visited? Was he being taken?
We were being visited We were being taken	We were not being visited We were not being taken	Were we being visited? Were we being taken?

Примечание: Время Future Progressive (Continuous) в страдательном залоге

не употребляется. Вместо него используется время Future Simple (Indefinite).

Совершённые времена (Perfect) в страдательном залоге

Present Perfect Passive

have/has + been + Ved\3fV (Participle II)

Утвердительные предложения	Отрицательные предложения	Вопросительные предложения
I have been visited I have been taken	I have not been visited I have not been taken	Have I been visited? Have I been taken?
He has been visited He has been taken	He has not been visited He has not been taken	Has he been visited? Has he been taken?
We have been visited We have been taken	We have not been visited We have not been taken	Have we been visited? Have we been taken?

Past Perfect Passive

had + been + Ved\3fV (Participle II)

Утвердительные предложения	Отрицательные предложения	Вопросительные предложения
I had been visited I had been taken	I had not been visited I had not been taken	Had I been visited? Had I been taken?
He had been visited He had been taken	He had not been visited He had not been taken	Had he been visited? Had he been taken?
We had been visited We had been taken	We had not been visited We had not been taken	Had we been visited? Had we been taken?

Future Perfect Passive

shall/will + have + been + Ved\3fV (Participle II)

Утвердительные предложения	Отрицательные предложения	Вопросительные предложения
I shall have been visited I shall have been taken	I shall not have been visited I shall not have been taken	Shall I have been visited? Shall I have been taken?
He will have been visited He will have been taken	He will not have been visited He will not have been taken	Will he have been visited? Will he have been taken?
We shall have been visited We shall have been taken	We shall not have been visited We shall not have been taken	Shall we have been visited? Shall we have been taken?

Примечание: Времена Perfect Progressive (Continuous) в страдательном залоге не употребляются. Вместо них используются времена Perfect Passive.

Будущее в прошедшем (Future-in-the Past) в страдательном залоге

Future -in-the Past Simple Passive

would + be + Ved\3fV (Participle II)

Утвердительные предложения	Отрицательные предложения	Вопросительные предложения
I would be visited I would be taken	I would not be visited I would not be taken	Would I be visited? Would I be taken?
He would be visited He would be taken	He would not be visited He would not be taken	Would he be visited? Would he be taken?
We would be visited We would be taken	We would not be visited We would not be taken	Would we be visited? Would we be taken?

Future -in-the Past Perfect Passive

would + have + been + Ved\3fV (Participle II)

Утвердительные предложения	Отрицательные предложения	Вопросительные предложения
I would have been visited I would have been taken	I would not have been visited I would not have been taken	Would I have been visited? Would 1 have been taken?
He would have been visited He would have been taken	He would not have been visited He would not have been taken	Would he have been visited? Would he have been taken?
We would have been visited We would have been taken	We would not have been visited We would not have been taken	Would we have been visited? Would we have been taken?

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