Системы здравоохранения

165  Ibid.

166  Knut Erik Tranoy, "Ethical Principles in Public Health Care" в разделе "Scandinavia: With A remark about Relativism and the Cultural Foundations of Health Care Ethics" книги Bioethics for the People by the People, ed. Darryl R. J. Macer (Bangkok, Thailand: Eubios Ethics Institute, 1994), p. 57.

167  Ibid.

168  Hagen and Kaarboe, "The Norwegian Hospital Reform of 2002: Central Government Takes Over Ownership of Public Hospitals."

169  Catarina Diogo, "The Reform of the NHS in Portugal," University of New York, Department of Management, Working paper no. 5, 2005.

170  Directorate-General of Health, "National Health Plan, 2004-2010" (Lisbon: Ministry of Health, July 2004).

171  OECD, "Health at a Glance: OECD Indicators, 2005" (Paris: OECD, 2005).

172  Margarita Bentes et al., Health Care Systems in Transition: Portugal (Copenhagen: European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, 2004).

173  Bentes et al., Health Care Systems in Transition: Portugal.

174  Paul Ferrinho, "Dual Practice in the Health Sector: Review of the Evidence," Human Resources for Health 2 (2004).

175  Bentes et al., Health Care Systems in Transition: Portugal.

176  Ibid.

177  Ibid.

178  Colombo and Tapay, "Private Health Insurance in OECD Countries."

179  Bentes et al.

180  Ibid.

181  Ibid.

182  Catarina Diogo, "The Reform of the NHS in Portugal," University of New York, Department of Management, Working paper no. 5, 2005.

183  Monica Duarte Oliviera and Gwyn Bevan, "Measuring Geographical Inequalities in the Portuguese Health Care System: An Estimation of Hospital Care Needs," Health Policy 66 (March 2003): 277-93. 

184  OECD, "OECD Health Data 2007: Statistics and Indicators for 30 Countries."

185  Mario de Queiros, "Living in Portugal, Giving Birth in Spain," Inter-Press service, March 29, 2005.

186  Monica Duarte Oliviera, Jose Magone, and Joao Pereira, "Nondecision Making and Inertia in Portuguese Health Policy," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and law 30 (January-February 2005): 211-30.

187  Josep Figueras et al., Health Care Systems in Transition: Greece (Copenhagen World Health Organization, 1996).

188  Josep Figueras et al., Health Care Systems in Transition: Greece.

189  Konstantina Davaki and Elias Mossialos, "Plus Ca Change: Health Sector Reform in Greece," Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law 30 (February-April 2005): 143-67.

190  Figueras et al., Health Care Systems in Transition: Greece.

191  Mary Geitona, "Cost Containment Policies in the Public Sector," доклад на семинаре в рамках международной программы обучения экономическому менеджменту в сфере здравоохранения в Афинах в декабре 2003 г. (http://www.nsph.gr/ecoman/word/costcontainmentpolicies.doc.

192  Davaki and Mossialos, "Plus Ca Change."

193  Ibid.

194  "Greece Healthcare: Coming under Great Pressure," The Economist, June 24, 2005.

195  Figueras et al., Health Care Systems in Transition: Greece.

196  WHO, "Highlights on Health: Greece 2004" (Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2005).

197  Columbo and Tapay, "Private Health Insurance in OECD Countries"; WHO: "Highlights on Health: Greece 2004."

198  Theodora Zachariadou et al., "The Demolition of Waiting Lists Project," PowerPoint presentation 2005; http://www.hope.be/04exchange/ programme2006/presentations_participants/Greece_2006pdf.

199  Цит. по Zachariadou et al., "The Demolition of Waiting Lists Project."

200  Davaki and Mossialos, "Plus Ca Change."

201  WHO: "Highlights on Health: Greece 2004."

202  Figueras et al., Health Care Systems in Transition: Greece.

203  OECD, "OECD Health Data 2007: Statistics and Indicators for 30 Countries."

204  Geitona, "Cost Containment Policies in the Public Sector."

205  Elias Mossialos, Sara Allin, and Konstantina Davaki, "Analyzing the Greek Health System: A Tale of Fragmentation and Inertia," Health Economics 1 (2005): S. 151.

206  Jessica Hohman, "International Healthcare Systems: A Primer," American Medical Student Association, 2007.

207  Andre van der Exter et al., Health Care Systems in Transition: Netherlands (Copenhagen: European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, 2004).

208  G.P. Westert and H. Verkleij, eds., Dutch Health Care Performance Report 2006 (Bilthoven, the Netherlands: Center for Prevention and Health Services Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 2006). Государственная система страхования сохраняется: она охватывает медицинские услуги долгосрочного характера, лечение душевных заболеваний и госпитализацию в психиатрических медучреждениям на период свыше одного года (Kaiser Permanente International, "Selected European Countries' Health Systems," доклад, подготовленный для научной конференции по проблемам европейских систем всеобщего медицинского страхования, проходившей в Вашингтоне 31 октября 2007 года).

209  Alain Enthoven and Wynand van den Ven, "Going Dutch - Managed Competition Health Insurance in the Netherlands," New England Journal of Medicine 357 (2007): 2421-23.

210  Stefan Greb, Maral Manougian, and Jurgen Wasem, "Health Insurance in the Netherlands," CESifo DICE Report, January 2007.

211  Kaiser Permanente International, "Selected European Countries' Health Systems."

212  Willem van Duin, "The Role of Private Insurers in Dutch Health Care: The Vision of Eureko," доклад, подготовленный для научной конференции по проблемам европейских систем всеобщего медицинского страхования, проходившей в Вашингтоне 31 октября 2007 г.

213  Ibid.

214  "The New Care System in the Netherlands," Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sport, THE Netherlands Embassy, May 2006, www.mivws.nl/images/bookje-zorgstelsel-engels_tem20-107939.pdf.

215  "Health Insurance System," Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sport, The Royal Netherlands Embassy, 2006, www.minvws.nl/en/themes/health-insurance-system/.

216  J. Andre Knottnerus and Gabriel ten Velden, "Dutch Doctors and Patients - Effects of Health Care Reform in the Netherlands," New England Journal of Medicine 357 (2007): 2424-26.

217  Van Duin, "The Role of Private Insurers in Dutch Health Care: The Vision of Eureko."

218  Ibid.

219  Knottnerus and ten Velden, "Dutch Doctors and Patients - Effects of Health Care Reform in the Netherlands."

220  Greb, Manougian, and Wasem, "Health Insurance in the Netherlands."

221  Gautam Naik, "Dutch Treatment: In Holland, Some See Model for US Health-Care System," Wall Street Journal, September 6, 2007.

222  Greb, Manougian, and Wasem, "Health Insurance in the Netherlands."

223  Ibid.

224  Siciliani and Hurst, "Explaining Waiting Times Variations for Elective Surgery Across OECD Countries."

225  J. Plomp et al., "Death on the Waiting List for Cardiac Surgery in the Netherlands in 1994 and 1995," Heart 81 (1999): 593-97.

226  Paul Belien, "Two Months Of Competition in Dutch Healthcare," Brussels Journal, October 23, 2006.

227  Knottnerus and ten Velden, "Dutch Doctors and Patients - Effects of Health Care Reform in the Netherlands."

228  Ibid.

229  Gautam Naik, "Dutch Treatment: In Holland, Some See Model for US Health-Care System."

230  OECD, "OECD Health Data 2007: Statistics and Indicators for 30 Countries."

231  Rudolf Klein, "The Troubled Transformation of Britain's National Health Service," New England Journal of Medicine 355 (2006): 409-15.

232  Daniel Martin, "Billions Squandered as NHS Fails to Deliver," Daily Mail, September 12, 2007.

233  Ibid.

234  Anthony Browne, "Deadly Rise in Wait for Cancer Care," London Observer, March 3, 2002.

235  Anthony Browne, "Cash-Strapped NHS Hospitals Chase Private patient "Bonanza,"" London Observer, December 16, 2001.

236  "Too Successful: The Hospitals Forced to Introduce Minimum Waiting Times," Daily Telegraph, August 7, 2006.

237  Ibid.

238  Martin, "Billions Squandered as NHS Fails to Deliver."

239  John C. Goodman, "Health Care in a Free Society: Rebutting the Myths of National Health Insurance," Cato Policy Analysis no. 532, January 27, 2005.

240  Richard Lewis and John Appleby, "Can English NHS Meet the 18-Week Waiting List Target?" The Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 99 (2006): 10-13.

241  David Rose, "Waiting List Crisis as NHS Cuts Costs," London Times, June 6, 2007.

242  Callahan and Wasunna, Medicine and the Market: Equity v. Choice, p. 93.

243  Lewis and Appleby, "Can English NHS Meet the 18-Week Waiting List Target?"

244  "NHS Should Not Treat Those with Unhealthy Lifestyles, Say Tories," Evening Standard, September 4, 2007.

245  Elizabeth Docteur and Howard Oxley, "Health-Care Systems: Lessons from the Reform Experience," OECD Working Paper no. 9, December 5, 2003.

246  Sarah Thompson and Elias Mossialos, "Regulating Private Health Insurance in the European Union: Implications of Single Market Legislation and Competition Policy," European Health Policy Group, September 2004.

247  Disney et al., Impatient for Change, pp. 29-38.

248   Civitas, "The Swiss Healthcare System," (London: The Institute for the Study of Civil Society, 2002), http://www.civitas.org.uk/pdf/Switzerland/pdf. Указанные цифры расходятся с аналогичными официальными данными ОЭСР, поскольку последняя включает в государственные расходы на здравоохранение взносы в рамках обязательного медицинского страхования, даже если сами страховщики являются частными фирмами. В рамках подобного определения, любые полисы, приобретенные у частных структур, к примеру, в штате Массачусетс, где недавно введено обязательное медицинское страхование граждан, должны включаться в государственные расходы на здравоохранение. Из приведенной нами цифры обязательные страховые взносы исключены, поскольку, хотя швейцарские граждане и должны в обязательном порядке приобретать базовый страховой полис, предоставляют эти полисы частные и даже «коммерческие» страховые организации. Гражданам предоставляется весьма значительная свобода в плане выбора страховщиков. Более того, взносы выплачиваются страховым организациям напрямую, а не собираются государством. По всем перечисленным причинам швейцарская система сильно отличается, скажем, от той, что существует в Германии, где, на мой взгляд, взносы в больничные кассы действительно следует относить к категории государственных, а не частных расходов на здравоохранение.

249  Michael Tanner, "No Miracle in Massachusetts: Why Governor Romney's Health Care Reform Won't Work." В то же время, Регина Херцлингер (Regina Herzlinger) из Гарвардского университета указывает на важную специфическую черту швейцарского здравоохранения: в отличие от большинства других стран, где действуют системы, основанные на принципе управляемой конкуренции, в Швейцарии медицинское страхование осуществляется не по месту работы.

250  Подробнее о концепции управляемой конкуренции см.: Enthoven, "The History and Principles of Managed Competition."

251  По данным Швейцарской ассоциации медицинских страховых компаний и CIA World Factbook (Washington: Central Intelligence Agency).

252  Michael Tanner, "Individual Mandates for Health Insurance: Slippery Slope to National Health Care," Cato Institute Policy Analysis no. 565, April 5, 2006.

253  Данные присланы автору по электронной почте Сабиной Алдер (Sabine Alder), главой пресс-службы Швейцарской ассоциации страховщиков, 4 октября 2007 г. Цифру по Соединенным Штатам см.: Greg Kelly, "Can Government Force People to Buy Insurance?" Issues and Answers no. 123, Council for Affordable Health Insurance, March 2004 (со ссылкой на данные Исследовательского совета по вопросам страхования [Insurance Research Council]), http://www.cahi.org/cahi_contents/resources/pdf/n123GovernmentMandate.pdf.  

254  Andreas Minder, Hans Schoenholzer, and Marianne Amiet, Health Care Systems in Transition: Switzerland (Copenhagen: European Observatory on Health Care Systems, 2000).

255  Jim Landers, "In Switzerland, Everyone Is Insured, and Businesses Don't Pay," Dallas Morning News, February 7, 2006.

256  Regina Hertzlinger and Ramin Parsa-Parsi, "Consumer-Driven Health-Care: Lessons from Switzerland," Journal of American Medical Association 292, no. 10 (2004).

257  Ibid.

258  Ibid.

259  Landers, "In Switzerland, Everyone Is Insured, and Businesses Don't Pay."

Uwe E.Reinhardt, "The Swiss Health System: Regulated Competition without Managed Care," Journal of the American Medical Association 292, no. 10 (2004): 1227-31.

261  Hertzlinger and Parsa-Parsi, "Consumer-Driven Health-Care: Lessons from Switzerland."

262  Peter Zweifel, "Competitive Mechanisms in Health Care," в кн. Reinventing Health Care (London: Stockholm Network, 2000).

263  Hertzlinger and Ramin Parsa-Parsi, "Consumer-Driven Health-Care: Lessons from Switzerland."

264  Minder, Schoenholzer, and Amiet, Health Care Systems in Transition: Switzerland.

265  Ibid.

266  Civitas, "The Swiss Healthcare System."

267  Ibid.

268  OECD, "Health at a Glance: OECD Indicators, 2005."

269  См. Reinhardt, Hussey, and Anderson, "US Health Care Spending in an International Context."

270  Hertzlinger and Ramin Parsa-Parsi, "Consumer-Driven Health-Care: Lessons from Switzerland."

271  Mattke et al., "Health Care Quality Indicators Project."

272  "Swiss Voters Reject Health Insurance Changes," Agence France Presse, March 11, 2007.

273  Michael Tanner, "Individual Mandates for Health Insurance: Slippery Slope to National Health Care."

274  Ibid.

275  Civitas, "The Swiss Healthcare System."

276  Ibid.

277  Reinhardt, "The Swiss Health System: Regulated Competition without Managed Care."

278  Hertzlinger and Ramin Parsa-Parsi, "Consumer-Driven Health-Care: Lessons from Switzerland."

279  Peter Zweifel, "Switzerland," Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law 25 (2000): 937-44.

280  Zweifel, "Competitive Mechanisms in Health Care."

281  Hertzlinger and Ramin Parsa-Parsi, "Consumer-Driven Health-Care: Lessons from Switzerland."

282  Alphonse Crespo, "Swiss Health Care: A Clockwork Model That Fails to Keep Its Promise," в кн. The Dangers of Undermining Patient Choice: Lessons from Europe and Canada, eds. Merrill Matthews, Grace-Marie Turner, and Julian Morris (Dallas: Institute for Policy Innovations, and Alexandria, VA: Galen Institute, 2006), pp. 16-19.

283  Hertzlinger and Ramin Parsa-Parsi, "Consumer-Driven Health-Care: Lessons from Switzerland."

284  Minder, Schoenholzer, and Amiet, Health Care Systems in Transition: Switzerland.

285  Mattke et al., "Health Care Quality Indicators Project."

285  David Greene and Benedict Irvine, "Health Care in France and Germany: Lessons for the UK" (London: Civitas, The Institute for the Study of Civil Society, 2001).

287  Ulla Schmidt, "Health Policy and Health Economics in Germany," выступление на конференции «Американская модель и Европа: прошлое-настоящее-будущее», проходившей в Вашингтоне 27 января 2006 года.

288  Kaiser Permanente International, "Selected European Countries' Health Care Systems."

289  Schmidt, "Health Policy and Health Economics in Germany." Примерно 14,2% идет на оплату стандартной медицинской страховки, а еще 0,9% - на зубоврачебные услуги и оплату бюллетеня. Существует также отдельный налог по ставке в 1,7% (для бездетных супружеских пар он составляет 1,95%) для покрытия медицинской помощи долгосрочного характера (см.% Kaiser Permanente International, "Selected European Countries' Health Care Systems").

290  Kyle James, "German Health Care Reform: Mission Impossible?" Deutsche Welle, March 8, 2006.

291  Ibid.

292  Reinhard Busse and Annette Reisberg, Health Care Systems in Transition: Germany (Copenhagen: European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, 2004).

293  Ibid.

294  Dennis Nowak, "Doctors on Strike - The Crisis in German Health Care Delivery," New England Journal of Medicine 355, no. 15 (2006): 1520-22.

295  Ibid.

296  Цит. по Annette Tuffs, "Germany at Centre of Rationing Row as Budget in Crisis," British Medical Journal 327 (2003): 414.

297  Christian Gericke, Matthias Wismar, and Reinhard Busse, "Cost-Sharing in the German Health Care System," Berlin University of Technology, 2004, http://www.ww.tu-berlin.de/diskussionspapiere/2004/dp04-2004.pdf.

298  Kaiser Permanente International, "Selected European Countries' Health Care Systems."

299  Boris Augursky, Thomas Bauer, and Sandra Schaffner, "Copayments in the German Health Care System: Does It Work?" Institute for the Study of Labour (IZA) Discussion Paper no. 2290, September 2006.

300  "Merkel Announces a Deal, Averts a Crisis," Der Spiegel, October 5, 2006.

301  Siciliani and Hurst, "Explaining Waiting Times Variations for Elective Surgery Across OECD Countries."

302  K. Davis et al., "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: An International Update on the Comparative Performance of American Health Care," The Commonwealth Fund, May 2007.

303  World Health Organization, "Highlights on Health, Germany," 2004, www.euro.who.int/eprise/main/WHO/Progs?CHHDEU/system/200050311-1.

304  Hilke Brockmann, "Why Is Less Money Spent on Health Care for the Elderly than for the Rest of the Population? Health Care Rationing in German Hospitals," Social Science and Medicine 55 (2002): 593-608.

305  Цит. по Busse and Reisberg, Health Care Systems in Transition: Germany.

306  OECD, "OECD Health Data 2007: Statistics and Indicators for 30 Countries."

307  Wilfried Prewo, "Germany: How Not to Organize a Health System," в кн. The Dangers of Undermining Patient Choice: Lessons from Europe and Canada," ed. Merrill Matthews, Grace-Marie Turner, and Julian Morris (Dallas: Institute for Policy Innovations and Alexandria, VA: Galen Institute, 2006).

308  Dieter Braeuninger, "Health Policy in Germany: Health Reforms Need a Dose of Market Medicine," Deutsche Bank Research, June 13, 2006.

309  Disney et al., Impatient for Change, pp. 89-97.

310  Jonathan Cohn, "Shtiko: It's No Fun to Agree with Michael Moore," New Republic, June 22, 2007.

311  Brett J. Skinner, "Paying More, Getting Less 2005: Measuring the Sustainability of Provincial Public Health Expenditure in Canada," Fraser Institute, October 2005.

312  Chaoulli v. Quebec (Attorney General), 2005 SCC 35, [2005] 1 S.C.R. 791.

313  Nadeen Esmail, Michael Walker, and Dominika Wrona, "Waiting Our Turn, 16^th Edition: Hospital Waiting Lists in Canada," Fraser Institute, 2006.

314  Bid.

315  Madhu Natarajan et. al., "The Risks of Waiting for Cardiac Catheterization: A Prospective Study," Canadian Medical Association Journal, November 26, 2002.

316  Цит. по June O'Neill and David O'Neill, "Health Status, Health Care, and Inequality: Canada vs. the US," National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper no. 13429, September 2007.

317  Chaoulli v. Quebec.

318  OECD, "OECD Health Data 2007: Statistics and Indicators for 30 Countries."

319  "What President Clinton Can Learn from Canada About Price Controls and Global Budgets," Policy Backgrounder no. 129, National Center for Policy Analysis, October 5, 1993.

320  OECD, "Health at a Glance: OECD Indicators, 2005."

321  O'Neill and O'Neill, "Health Status, Health Care, and Inequality: Canada vs. the US."

322  OECD, "Health at a Glance: OECD Indicators, 2005."

323  SiCKO, Dog Eat Dog Films, 2007.

324  "Edwards Campaign Unveils New "Underdog" Television Ad in New Hampshire," John Edwards 08, news release, January 6, 2008, http://www.johnedwards. Com/news/headlines/20080106-underdog-ad/; Joel Zinberg, "Edwards' Evil Insurance Scam," New York Post, January 10, 2008.

325  Callahan and Wasunna, Medicine and the Market: Equity v. Choice; Disney et al., Impatient for Change.

326  Robin Toner, "Unveiling Health Care 2.0, Again," New York Times, September 16, 2007.

327  OECD, "OECD Health Data 2007: Statistics and Indicators for 30 Countries."

328  Цит. по Callahan and Wasunna, Medicine and the Market: Equity v. Choice, p. 109.

329  Cathy Schoen et al., "Toward Higher-Performance Health Systems: Adults' Health Care Experiences in Seven Countries, 2007," Health Affairs, October 31, 2007.

330  В частности, опрос, проведенный CBS News 12-16 октября 2007 года, показал, что 25% американцев считают здравоохранение важнейшим вопросом предвыборной кампании: лишь война в Ираке набрала больше - 26% голосов респондентов. Аналогичным образом, по результатам опроса NBC/Wall Street Journal, проходившего 1-5 ноября, здравоохранение назвали самым важным вопросом 16% респондентов, а Ирак - 26%, http://www.pollingreport.com/prioriti.htm.