Назви людини із суфіксом -man в сучасній англійській мові

із співвідношенням 2:18 (1,2←1):

plateman – 1. (dated) a person in charge of the tableware (originally silver plate) in a restaurant. 2. Someone who cleans plates (a plate – 1. A dish from which food is served or eaten);

із співвідношенням  3:6 (1←1; друге та третє значення немотивовані):

iceman – 1. A person who trades in ice: The iceman and the butcher and the boy who brings up the Sunday ice cream from the apothecary can't help seeing those three big blue eggs she has laid. [Bullied By The Birds by Christopher Morley]. 2. (slang) an assassin. 3. (slang) one who is cool under pressure (ice – 1. (uncountable) water in frozen (solid) form);

із співвідношенням 3:10 (1,2←1; 3←2):

bondsman – 1. A male slave. 2. A male indentured servant. 3. Someone who signs a bond that states that they have taken responsibility for someone else’s obligations: He was a bail bondsman poll-taker and delivered singing telegrams [The Producers by Nathan Lane] (a bond – 1. (law) evidence of a long-term debt, by which the bond issuer (the borrower) is obliged to pay interest when due, and repay the principal at maturity, as specified on the face of the bond certificate. The rights of the holder are specified in the bond indenture, which contains the legal terms and conditions under which the bond was issued. Bonds are available in two forms: registered bonds, and bearer bonds. 2. (finance) a documentary obligation to pay a sum or to perform a contract; a debenture);

із співвідношенням 2:10 (1,2←1,2):

statesman – 1. A man who is a leader in national or international affairs. 2. Political leader who promotes the public good: We now see that the statesman who undertakes to deal with marriage will have to face an amazingly complicated public opinion. In fact, he will have to leave ... [Getting Married by George Bernard Shaw] (a state – 1. Any sovereign polity. A government. 2. A political division of a federation retaining a degree of autonomy, for example one of the fifty United States. See also Province);

із співвідношенням 3:9 (1←1; 2←3,4; 3←3):

landsman – 1. The opposite of a seaman. A person who does not go to sea, who lacks the skills of a sailor or who is uncomfortable on ships or boats: Historians have looked at the Revolution as a plain landsman looks at the sea. To the landsman the ocean seems one huge immeasurable flood, obeying a simple ... [Robespierre by John Morley]. 2. A fellow Jew who comes from the same district or town, especially in Eastern Europe. 3. Someone of a similar heritage or belief system (a land – 1. The part of Earth which is not covered by oceans or other bodies of water. 3. A country or region. 4. A person’s country of origin and/or someplace; homeland);

із співвідношенням 3:10 (1,2←2; 3←1):

chairman – 1. A person presiding over a meeting: May 1749 he was chosen chairman of quarter sessions for Westminster [Tom Jones by Henry Fielding]. 2. The head of a corporate or governmental board of directors, a committee, or other formal entity. 3. (historical) someone whose job is to carry people in a portable chair, sedan-chair, or similar conveyance (a chair – 1. An item of furniture used to sit on or in comprising a seat, legs, back, and sometimes arm rests, for use by one person. Compare stool, couch, sofa, settee, loveseat and bench. 2. Chairperson);

із співвідношенням  4:9 (1←1; 2,3←7; четверте значення немотивоване):

fireman – 1. (firefighting) someone (implied male) who is skilled in the work of fighting fire: ... Gordon Scott worked as a fireman a cowboy a tractor salesman ... [Played Tarzan, 1955-60 by Gordon Scott]. 2. (rail transport) a man who keeps the fire going underneath a steam boiler (originally, shoveling coal by hand), particularly on a railroad locomotive. 3. (rail transport) by extension of the above, an assistant on any locomotive, whether steam-powered or not. 4. (baseball) a relief pitcher (fire – 1. (uncountable) a (usually self-sustaining) chemical reaction involving the bonding of oxygen with carbon or other fuel, with the production of heat and the presence of flame or shouldering. 7. (countable) the elements necessary to start a fire);

2.1.2 Іменники, семантичний об’єм яких  рівний семантичному об’єму мотиваторів

Пари, у яких семантичний  об’єм значення похідних рівний семантичному об’єму мотиваторів, представлені парами із семантичним співвідношенням 1:1 (14 од.):

аgribusinessman – a businessman involved in agribusiness: ...Morgan was named Farmer of the Year, and Lee was named Agribusinessman of the Year. [Farmer, Agribusinessman of the Year awarded by Angela Mensing] (agribusiness – a big business connected to agriculture, either owning or operating large scale farms, or catering to those who do);

almsman – one who depends on the receipt of alms, a beggar: ... at once realistic and poetic, the worn-out almsman, his patient life and sorry death, and then the unimaginable vision in the skies, as they brought the ... [Wordsworth by John Morley] (an alms – something given to the poor as charity, such as money, clothing or food);

cragsman – a climber of vertical rock faces: Waving our shillelagh, we shouted the cragsman to Glenmalure and Carn Tual, and Achill and Slieve League. Manuscript in hand, we pointed the antiquary to ... [Foreign Travel by Thomas Davis]; (a crag – a rocky outcrop);

dustman – someone whose job is to remove waste from dustbins: "Dustman, dustman!" Through the deserted square he cries, And babies put their rosy fists. Into their eyes. There's nothing out of No-man’s-land ... [The Dustman by Bliss Carman] (dustbin – (UK) a bin for holding rubbish until it can be collected; a garbage can);

ferryboatman – a man who operates a ferryboat (a ferryboat – a boat used to ferry passengers, vehicles, or goods across open water, especially one that runs to a regular schedule);

groomsman – one of a number of attendants to a bridegroom at a wedding, one of whom is the best man: He was bent on reaching his best friend in time to act as groomsman, and business had delayed him till time was at its briefest. [On The Northern Ice by Elia W. Peattie] (a groom – a man who is about to become or has recently become part of a married couple. Short form of bridegroom);

kinsman – a male relative: ... the Earl of Pembroke whose kinsman Herbert was presented him to ...[The Temple by George Herbert] (a kin – one or more relatives, such as siblings or cousins, taken collectively);

klansman – a man who is a member of the Ku Klux Klan (klan – alternative capitalization of Klan);

plowman – a male plower, who plows land with a plough: But honor plowman and milkmaid. For Burns with glory did endow. And wove a garland round the plow, The source from which all wealth doth spring ... [Dairy Odes by James McIntyre] (a plow – (US) alternative spelling of plough);

salaryman – a Japanese white-collar worker, especially one who works long hours and has an insignificant position within the corporate hierarchy (salary – a fixed amount of money paid to a worker, usually measured on a monthly or annual basis, not hourly, as wages. Implies a degree of professionalism and/or autonomy);

taxi-man – someone who drives a taxi for a living: Sweets it would have to be, however, thought William gloomily, fishing in his pocket for change for the taxi-man. And he saw the kiddies handing the boxes ... [Marriage a la Mode by Katherine Mansfield] (a taxi – a vehicle that may be hired for single journeys by members of the public, driven by a taxi driver);

Yorkshireman – a man from Yorkshire, England: We can weep together over the pathos of the poor Yorkshireman, whose county has never produced some humour not intelligible to the rest of the world. [Cockneys And Their Jokes by G. K. Chesterton] (Yorkshire – a former large county of north-east England; originally divided into three ridings, since 1974 divided into four administrative counties).

Лише двома одиницями  представлені пари із семантичним співвідношенням 2:2, але семантику похідного формує лише одне значення мотиватора: committeeman – 1. А a man  who is a member of a committee. 2. А man who is a local leader of a political party: ... Executive Committeeman of the Vigilantes, Authors' Committeeman of the American Defense Society, and so on for hours and hours and hours. [Goat-Feathers by Ellis Parker Butler] (1,2←1: a comitte – 1. А group of persons convened for the accomplishment of some specific purpose, typically with formal protocols); gloveman / glovesman – 1. (baseball) a fielder. 2. (cricket) a wicketkeep (1,2←2: a glove – 2. (baseball) The ability to catch a hit ball);

2.1.3 Іменники, семантичний об’єм яких ширший за семантичниий об’єм мотиваторів

Названа група представлена лише однією мотиваційною парою із співвідношенням 2:1 (1,2←1):

rifleman – 1. А soldier trained to use a rifle as their primary weapon. 2. А person especially skilled in the use of a rifle (a rifle – a long firearm firing a single projectile, usually with a rifled barrel to improve accuracy).

 

2.2 Найменування  особи відад’єктивної похідності

Деривати, що мотивуються прикметникамии, мають словотвірне значення ’особа за ознакою, що названа мотиватором’. Вони поступаються по чисельності та продуктивності відіменниковим похідним (14 од.). Відад’єктивні деривати більш однорідні по семантичній структурі. Якісні характеристики особи базуються на рисах зовнішності, характеру, соціальних ознаках і т.д. В будь-якому з цих випадків похідне отримує емоційно-оцінний компонент, оскільки ознака якісної характеристики пов’язана з виділенням певної риси, соціальною оцінкою ознаки.

Типи семантичного співвідношення мотиваційних пар даних похідних співпадають з тими, що характерні для відіменникових дериватів.

2.2.1 Іменники, семантичний об’єм яких  вужчий за семантичний об’єм  мотиваторів

Кількісне співвідношення одиниць мотиваційних пар коливається від 1:1 до 3:13.

До вказаної групи  входять похідні, семантика яких формується на базі перших значень  мотиваторів:

із семантичним  співвідношенням 1:3:

handyman – a man who does small tasks and odd jobs: ... more recently as Bryce the handyman in Lara Croft: Tomb Raider ... [He Died with a Felafel in His Hand by Noah Taylor] (handy – 1. Easy to use, useful);

із семантичним  співвідношенням 1:7:

madman – a male who is insane or mentally disturbed: A Madman once set himself up in the market place, and with loud cries announced that he would sell Wisdom. The people at once crowded about him, ... [The Madman Who Sold Wisdom by Aesop (author of Aesop’s Fables)] (mad – 1. Insane; crazy, mentally deranged);

із семантичним  співвідношенням 2:7 (1,2-1):

roundsman – 1. A police officer in charge of several other officers. 2. One, such as a delivery person, who makes rounds: There, where an early wind as roundsman goes, To rouse each languid, over-sleepy head, And shame them that they lie so long abed. [Dawn by David Morton] (round – 1. Circular or cylindrical; having a circular cross-section in one direction);

із семантичним  співвідношенням 2:12 (1-немотивоване; 1,2-1):

strongman – 1. A powerful, influential political figure who exercises leadership and control by force. 2. One who performs feats of strength, as at a circus: "He was a strongman," he went on, "and she was a girl, weak, but not wanton ... and so she died, telling me, loving me--so she died, and so he died, too, ... [Carnac's Folly. by Gilbert Parker] (strong – 1. Capable of producing great physical force);

із семантичним  співвідношенням 3:5 (1,2,3-1):

gentleman – 1. A man of gentle or noble birth or superior social position. 2. A well-mannered and considerate man with high standards of proper behavior. 3. A man of independent means who does not need to have a wage-paying job (gentle – 1. Tender and amiable; of a considerate or kindly disposition);

із семантичним  співвідношенням 3:13 (1,2,3-1):

freeman – 1. A person who is not a slave or in bondage: When a quarrel arises among neighbours or citizens, and any one whether slave or freeman wrongs another, let the five wardens decide small matters on their ... [Laws by Plato]. 2. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) a person who enjoys political and civil liberties; citizen. 3. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) a person who enjoys a privilege or franchise, such as the freedom of a city (free – 1. Not imprisoned or enslaved).

Семантика першого значення похідного Dutchman формується на базі непрямого значення мотиватора; друге значення немотивоване: Dutchman – 1. A Dutch man; a man from the Netherlands: ... him from Paris by a Dutchman Franz Timmerman who also instructed ... [Tsar of Russia, 1689-1725 by Peter the Great] (dutch – 1. (obsolete) German. 2. (archaic) pertaining to the Dutch, the Germans, and the Goths; Germanic, Teutonic. 3. Of or pertaining to the Netherlands, the Dutch people or the Dutch language. 4. In a shared manner; of a shared expense);

2.2.2 Іменники, семантичний об’єм яких  рівний семантичному об’єму мотиваторів

із семантичним  співвідношенням 1:1:

Irishman – a man from Ireland: ... training and there befriended fellow Irishman (and Ulsterman) Edward "Paddy" Moore ... [Chronicles of Narnia by C. S. Lewis] (Irish – the Goidelic language indigenous to Ireland, also known as Irish Gaelic);

longshoreman – a dock worker who loads and unloads ships: "I don't want to marry a longshoreman, thank you." [The Cup of Fury: A Novel of Cities and Shipyards by Rupert Hughes] (alongshore – of, relating to, occurring at, or living along a seacoast);

із семантичним  співвідношенням 2:2 (1,2-2):

foreman – 1. A man who serves as the leader of a work crew, as in a factory: Their foreman was a person doubly distinguished among his colleagues. [Before The Story – Chapter 1. The Trial by Wilkie Collins]. 2. A man who chairs and speaks for a jury (fore – 2. Forward; situated towards the front (of something);

2.2.3 Іменники, семантичний об’єм яких ширший за семантичний об’єм мотиваторів

із семантичним  співвідношенням 3:1 (1-1; 2,3-немотивовані):

frenchman – 1. А man of French birth or nationality: ... a romantic correspondence with a Frenchman named Remond who addressed to ... [Letters by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu]. 2. А student in the first-year class of a high school, college, or university. 3. А beginner; a novice (French – а Romance language spoken primarily in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Quebec, Valle d’Aosta and many former French colonies);

із семантичним співвідношенням 3:2 (1,2←1,2; третє значення немотивоване):

backwoodsman – 1. А person who is acclimated to living in a forest area that is far removed from civilization or modern conveniences. 2. Аn uncivilized person; 3. (informal) a Peer who is seldom present in the House of Lords of the United Kingdom Parliament, who may be encouraged to attend when a very important vote is expected: The backwoodsman knew right well that a flock of sheep may be driven, but that a single sheep must be led; so he held his new possession securely by a piece ... [The Freedom Of The Black-Faced Ram by Charles G. D. Roberts] (backwood – 1. Native to or located in a remote rural location. 2. Rustic, unsophisticated, countrified);

із семантичним  співвідношенням 4:2 (1,2,3,4-1):

Norseman – 1. (historical) a mediaeval Scandinavian; 2 A Scandinavian or a person of Scandinavian ancestry. 3. (historical) a Viking. 3. (dated) a Norwegian: The shrewd Norseman quickly devised a promising plan within the depths of his astute brain. [The Raids Of The Sea-Rovers by Charles Morris] (Norse – 2) 1) of, or relating to the people, language and culture of Scandinavia; of, or relating to the North Germanic group of languages).

В нашій картотеці є немотивоване похідне freshman – (US) a person of either sex entering the first year of an institution, especially a university or legislative body (fresh – 1) of produce, not from storage; 2) of plant material, still green and not dried; 3) refreshing or cool; 4) (of water) without salt; not saline; 5) rude, cheeky, or inappropriate; 6) rested; not tired or fatigued; 7) (computing, of a release package or software installation) having only the files and settings of a specific release of the software package; without updates or upgrades that were released subsequent to the release of a specific version).

Зміни в соціальному  статусі жінок і ставлення  до них у суспільстві стали  причиною появи одиниць, які відображали  зміни уявлень чоловіків відносно емансипації жінок. Виникають такі одиниці як: New Man – a man who does not adopt an aggressively male social role, but participates in activities traditionally regarded as more appropriate to women (looking after children, cooking and housework [52]; Millenium Man – a man whose personal qualities and behaviour are considered to be very modern [51]. Пізніше з’являється слово, що позначає поняття, яке є абсолютним антонімом до поняття New Man – New Lad – a young man who embraces sexist attitudes and the traditional male role as a reaction against the perceived effeminacy of the New Man [50].

2.3 Найменування віддієслівної похідності

За нашими спостереженнями, у сучасній англійській мові група  віддієслівних похідних із суфіксом -man малочисельна (8 од.). Вказані деривати називають певного діяча, постійно (тимчасово) чи професійно пов’язаного з виконанням певної дії. Значення кожного слова цієї групи вкладається у формулу ’той, хто виконує дію, що названа мотиватором’.

Семантичне співвідношення одиниць мотиваційних пар згруповано лише двома типами: а) семантичний об’єм моносемічного похідного вужчий за семантичний об’єм полісемічного мотиватора; б) семантичні об’єми мотиваційних пар рівні.

2.3.1 Іменники, семантичний об’єм яких  вужчий за семантичний об’єм  мотиваторів

а) семантика похідного формується на базі непрямого, але теж одного значення мотиватора (5 од.):

із семантичним  співвідношенням 1:2 (1-2):

husbandman – a person who raises crops and tends animals; a farmer: A farmer, indeed, he happens to have been; but he was also a husbandman. ... There were yet, however, many husbandmen who were not farmers at all: yeomen of ... [The English Hesiod by Maurice Hewlett] (to husband – 2. (transitive) to nurture, to farm);

із семантичним  співвідношенням 1:4 (1-3):

fancy man – a man that married woman has a sexual relationship with, who is not her husband: "Yes," was the response of the country fancy man, who, by the way, it must be premised, was rather green as to the quality and prices of fancy dogs. [Dog Day by Falconbridge] (to fancy – 3. (UK, informal) to be sexually attracted to);

із семантичним  співвідношенням 1:7 (1-4):

spokesman – a male spokesperson: ... the BBC he became a spokesman for the Green Party ... [Uncovered global cabal of reptilian ET's by David Icke] (to speak – 4. (intransitive) to deliver a message to a group; to deliver a speech);

із семантичним  співвідношенням 1:17 (1-2):

serviceman – a man who serves in the armed forces: ... The daughter of a Navy serviceman McKinley traveled a great deal ... [The Hero and the Crown by McKinley, Robin] (to serve – 2. (transitive) to be a servant for; to work for, to be employed by);

із семантичним  співвідношенням 1:21 (1-9):

cracksman – a burglar, esp. a safe-breaker: The Amateur Cracksman was the first collection of stories detailing the exploits and intrigues of gentleman thief A. J. Raffles in late Victorian England. [Amateur Cracksman by E. W Hornung] (to crack – 9. (transitive) to make a crack or cracks in);

б) семантика похідного  формується на базі першого значення мотиватора (2 од.):