Невербальные средства общения в ситуациях конфронтации

Durable sign. A material object (e.g., a consumer product) deliberately fabricated by humankind.

Usage: Like gestures, artifacts have a great deal to "say." The simplest message transmitted by an artifact is, "Something manmade is here" (Givens 1982:172). "Manmade" (i.e., intelligently fabricated by humans) is evident in a. the deliberately patterned shape, b. the grammatical syntax (i.e., the structured arrangement of parts), and c. the negative entropy encoded in artifacts as material signs, signals, and cues.

An example of usage of an artifact cue in advertising that ignores national specifics, is advertising of a sports group Nike in China. Promotional video was filmed in cartoon form in which an American basketball star LeBron James is fighting with an elderly master of Chinese martial arts kung fu, two girls in national costumes of China, a pair of dragons, and inflicts a crushing defeat on the Chinese soldiers. The Chinese Government has banned television advertising this because it offends the dignity of national and religious feelings of the Chinese people. The Chinese, who saw the movie were outraged mockery revered in this country of old age and tradition. Moreover, the creators of advertising in the context of a failure to use the sacred image of the Chinese dragon, which naturally led to a backlash.

Intergroup conflict

What is curious about intergroup conflicts – is the fact that almost every non-verbal cue, even if it does not possess negative meaning is perceived as negative. That is because people forming a group define themselves as «us» and other people or group as «them». The creation of an ‘us’ and ‘them’ mentality can be strengthened by stereotyping and prejudice. That is why true meaning of each non-verbal code would be buried under the whole spectrum of prejudice common for this particular group. Such a practice seen in the characters of Golding’s novel «Lord of the Flies».

In Golding’s story the boys split based on ideological

differences—those that support Ralph support civilization and order while

those that support Jack have a penchant for violence and power. Such a value

structure is often based upon cues that cause an identification of differences

between groups. Lonsdale et al found that this type of group identification

may be due to a kind of “social badge.” The idea of a social badge is very

relevant in the creation of the groups of boys on the island. Those that look

similar band together in the creation of their factions.

So the origin of intergroup conflict here is the formation of groups itself. Non-verbal cues that in other situation can be qualified as unionizing for the purpose – here lead to conflict.

Dance

Body motion. A repetitive series of usually rhythmic movements of the body and body parts (esp. feet, hands, and shoulders) to a musical beat, based on the alternating oscillations of walking.

Usage: An ancient and powerful medium of nonverbal communication, dance is a nearly universal venue of human courtship. Dance not only synchronizes a couple's physical movements (e.g., as they move to the beat of the same drummer), but their moods and feelings as well. Some dance forms (e.g., break

dancing, military marching, and the tribal war dance) stimulate strong feelings of togetherness and esprit de corps through the reptilian principle of isopraxism.

«As they danced, they sang.

“Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Bash her in.”» (p.96 «Lord of the Flies»)

Powerful rituals can act to reinforce “groupishness.” These sorts

of rituals in a hunter-gatherer society help create the cohesion necessary to

work as a team. While such practices do increase the strength of group identity in the novel, they often translate into increased aggression towards the

opposition.

We can also speak about the fact that the conflict between groups usually well presented in the conflict between the leaders of those groups as the representatives of the moral and  social interests of the group.

Tense-mouth

Facial expression. 1. A gesture produced by compressing, in-rolling, and narrowing the lips to a thin line. 2. A position of the mouth in which the lips are visibly tightened and pressed together through contraction of the lip and jaw muscles.

Usage: The lips are our most emotionally expressive bodily features. Lip and jaw tension clearly reflects anxious feelings, nervousness, and emotional concerns. Thus a tense-mouth precisely marks the onset of a mood shift, a novel thought, or a sudden change of heart.

«Then the twins lay, astonished, and the tribe stood round them. Jack turned to Ralph and spoke between his teeth.

“See? They do what I want.”» (p.168 «Lord of the Flies»)

Intragroup conflict

Edward Cullen, the main hero of the «Twilight» saga is the part of a group of people «Cullen family» who are unified together not only because of the relative connection, but also because they belong to the same type of species called «vampires», it is a type of a social group which shares their own views, traditions, rituals and beliefs. That is why when Edward starts seeing Bella Swan who is a human, the intragroup conflict arises.

Love signs

Courtship. 1. A nonverbal sign exchanged in the process of courtship, flirtation, and seduction. 2. A nonverbal message designed to attract sexual partners. 3. In modified form (i.e., presented less seductively), a sign to help establish rapport.

Usage I: A great deal of our nonverbal communication bespeaks sexuality. Despite speech, courtship is best transacted in an unspoken medium, e.g., through lip-pouts, head-tilts, and shoulder-shrugs. (Saying "I love you," before showing love in gesture and deed, is apt to scare a partner away.)

« They returned from the forest as if nothing had happened. Only on the parking lot Edward quietly stroked her on the back of her hand. When a pickup went with a roar, Ellis Cullen  continued to look in the rear-view mirror of her BMW, her nostrils slightly widened and …»

As the result a simple love cue led to the great intragroup conflict in the Cullens family. Edward broke main and sacred values of  his social group, an action which was further spread into inter and intrapersonal conflicts.

Interindividual conflict

Vladimir Putin, the prime minister of Russia  brought a lot of interesting in analysis of nonverbal communication during the meeting with faction leader Vladimir Zhirinovsky, during which Vladimir Wolfovitch mentioned his descent from the family of "industrialist" and added of his own prejudice against "the children of Sharikoff’s" - a slippery statement gave broad opportunity for interpretation - and Putin's response was not long in coming. кракауер зигрфрид физическая реальность, диаллоги сенсея "сенсей исконный шамбала".

1)A little bit knitted brows
2) Direct look
3) Tense and a little bit stretched lips

4) Tense jaws
4) Side bend towards Mr. Zhirinivsky
The classical description of anger and resentment.

In response, Zhirinovsky shows the following sequence of movements:

1)Looks away
2) Puts his palms in the defending position, trying to build a kind of a barrier
3) Tense and slightly open mouth shows some concern and light fear

Here we can see a classic example  of vertical interpersonal conflict, whereas one of the interlocutors is trying to dominate, while the second is protecting because of the fear of person on a higher social position.

BITE

Body movement. The act of closing one's jaws tightly to cut, grip, grasp, or tear with the teeth.

In their televised June 28, 1997 boxing rematch, challenger Mike Tyson committed a major foul by biting off a one-inch piece of Evander Holyfield’s ear and spitting it onto the floor of the ring. Two points were deducted from his score, but in the third round Tyson tried to bite Holyfield’s other ear and was disqualified from the competition.

Intraindividual Conflict

It is the most common conflict.

Hands

Smart parts. 1. The terminal end organs below the forearms, used to grasp and gesture. 2. The most expressive parts of the human body.

Usage: Their combined verbal and nonverbal IQs make hands our most expressive body parts. Hands have more to say even than faces, for not only do fingers show emotion, depict ideas, and point to butterflies on the wing--they can also read Braille, speak in sign languages, and write poetry. Our hands

are such incredibly gifted communicators that they always bear watching.

U.S. Politics: The United States President Barack Obama in White House, Washington DC on Thursday, May 27, 2010, denies any Wrongdoing with Sestak. During his press conference Thursday, President Barack Obama emphasized, "I can assure the public that nothing improper took place’’, media report from Washington DC.

A tense hand tending to the almost horizontal position is a classical gesture of self-defense.

Adam’s-Apple-Jump

1. A conspicuous up-and-down motion of the Adam's apple. 2. A movement of the throat visible while gulping or swallowing, as in nervousness.

Usage: The Adam's-apple-jump is an unconscious sign of emotional anxiety, embarrassment, or stress.

U.S. politics. In a televised statement, while maintaining there was "no truth" to allegations about a sexual relationship with White House intern, Monica Lewinsky, President William Jefferson Clinton swallowed, protruded his tongue , and gazed down (McLaughlin Group, January 22, 1998).

This is the best example of the multiple non-verbal signs, following each other. If there is a conflict situation it is more likely we will see a series of non-verbal signs than one, specific sign.

Point

Gesture. 1. Extending an index finger (or less frequently, other body parts such as the lips) to indicate the presence or location of objects, features, or forces. 2. Stiffening a forefinger to direct attention to people, places, or things. 3. A stabbing motion of the index finger, as given in anger.

U.S. politics. On January 26, 1998, President William Jefferson Clinton pointed his index finger aggressively at the American people and stated, "I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky."

Lip-pout

To push the lower lip against the upper in a protruded look of disappointment, displeasure, sadness, or uncertainty.

Usage: 1. Children throughout the world pout in sadness, frustration, and uncertainty. 2. Adults unthinkingly pout--or show fragments of the pouting cue (esp., contractions of the chin muscle [or mentalis])--when disagreeing with comments presented face-to-face, e.g., at a conference table. 3. In courtship, men and women may unwittingly evert their lips in a pouty look to signal harmlessness and availability.

U.S. politics. Photos of President Bill Clinton taken during the Monica Lewinsky scandal often exhibit tense-mouth pouting and contraction of his chin's mentalis muscle.

Lip-compression

Facial expression. A usually negative cue produced by pressing the lips together into a thin line.

Usage: Lip-compression is a specific version of the tense-mouth display. A sudden lipcompression may signal the onset of anger, disliking, grief, sadness, or uncertainty.

The individual conflict also includes such opposing aspects as truth and lie. The conflict of these two opposites usually lead to the individual conflict, stretching further to the level of group and etc.

Tone of voice

Voice quality. 1. The manner in which a verbal statement is presented, e.g., its rhythm, breathiness, hoarseness, or loudness. 2. Those qualities of speaking and vocalizing not usually included in the study of languages and linguistics.

Usage: Tone of voice reflects psychological arousal, emotion, and mood. It may also carry social information, as in a sarcastic, superior, or submissive manner of speaking.

"Gazing at Pearl, Hester Prynne often dropped her work upon her knees, and cried out with an agony which she would fain have hidden, but which made utterance for itself, betwixt speech and a groan." (Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter [1850])

Angular Distance

Posture. 1. The spatial orientation, measured in degrees, of an individual's shoulders relative to those of another. 2. The position of a speaker's upper body in relation to a listener's (e.g., facing or angled away).

Usage: Angular distance reveals how we relate to (i.e., feel about) people sitting, standing, or waiting nearby. Our upper body unwittingly squares-up, addresses, and "aims" at those we like, admire, and agree with, but angles away from disliked persons and people with whom we disagree. In a friendly

conversation, formal interview, or staff meeting, e.g., a greater angular distance (i.e, turning away) substitutes for greater linear distance. Angular distance may range from 0 degrees (directly facing) to 180 degrees (turning one's back).

U.S. politics. Known to be ill-at-ease around people, former President Richard Milhous Nixon revealed his discomfort with an exaggerated angular distance, as if to "remove" himself from others nearby. White House photographs taken at staff meetings in the early 1970s show a seated Mr. Nixon, with shoulders

turned away from his advisors at angular distances of 50 degrees.

Список использованных источников:

Крейдлин 2002 – Г.Е. Крейдлин. Невербальная семиотика. М.: "Новое литературное обозрение", 2002.

Интернет-портал http://ru.wikipedia.org/

Интернет-портал http://www.zhestov.net/

Интернет-портал http://doctorspb.ru/

Публикация

«The nonverbal dicionary of gestures, signs and body language cues» 2002 David B. Givens, Ph.D. Center for Nonverbal Studies

«Twilight»  Stephenie Meyer 2005

«Lord of the Flies»  William Golding 1954

Монография «Лингвокультурология: проблемы, поиски, решения» З.З. Чанышева, С.В. Иванова. Уфа РИЦ БашГУ 2010