Шпаргалка по "История английского языка"

  It may also be used as an attribute standing in immediate postposition to its antecedent.

  James, with his heart pounding with fear, stood in the corridor waiting to be called in. – Джеймс, сердце которого сильно билось от страха, стоял в коридоре и ждал, пока его вызовут.

  In the last two cases the construction is rendered in Russian with the help of the corresponding subordinate clauses. 

21. Units of a languagé are elements of the system of language, elementary in the certain level of articulations of the text and matched against each other in the subsystem of a language, corresponding to this level. They can be dissolvable on units of primary level. 
In regard to a dissolvability distinguish simple and difficult units: the simple are absolutely indivisible (morphemes as meaningful unit, phoneme); the difficult are divisible, however a division necessarily finds out units of the primary level. 
The basic language units form levels of the language system. 
Classification of units  
According to the voice shell there are next types of units of language:  
material - have a permanent voice shell (phoneme, morpheme, word, suggestion);  
comperatively-material - have a variable voice shell (model of structure of words, word-combinations, suggestions, possessing the generalized structural value, reproduced in all units built according to them);  
units of meaning - does not exist out of material or comperatively-material units, making their semantic side (seme, sememe). 
Among material units according to presence of meaning there are:  
one-sided - does not have their own meaning (phoneme, syllable); participate in forming and distinction of voice shells of double-sided units.  
double-sided - besides sounding, provided with a meaning (morpheme, word, phraseological unit, suggestion). Can be also named higher units of language. 

Indirect Speech.

1. She told to hurry up because the train was just about to leave.

2.  The boss said that T could tell from the expression on his face that he was going to refuse the job.

3. Kate said to me that by that time the following week I would have left school.

4. Brian suggested having a break because he was tired and exhausted.

5. Andy asked Sophie what your personal goals were, if she had achieved them yet.

6. My colleague said to me that he hadn’t expected the company to make Colin redundant.

7. The next-door neighbour said to the policeman that he couldn't have done that. He must have been really angry, but he had been away all week.

8. The teacher told to the pupils to discuss how challenging each aspect was.

9. Jane asked to Bill, 'Please, not to forget to bring his laptop.

10. Tracy exclaimed that was a very nice fur coat, how much it cost.

11. I said that they should leave before it got dark.

12. My sister said that I needed to take more exercise.

13. Clair told me not to forget to keep the e-mail coming in.

14. He said that some of the islanders had become extremely rich as a result of tourism.

15. He said that Simon had already spent most of his money, so by that time he got back he would have spent everything.

16. Mum said to me that Kate was always leaving the door open.

17. I thought that they would have flushed the investigation before the following June.

18. Steve said to his friend that he would phone him as soon as he had checked in.

19.  The boss said that the company was founded in 1995.

20. She asked which one she should buy and she suggested getting both.

21. My mum said that Sandra had married the prince and they had lived happily ever after.

22. William asked me when my parents divorced and if I remembered my father.

23. The policeman said that you mustn't cross the street against the red light.

24. Sue told to Peter that he wouldn’t have to come. 

25. Diana proposed to husband if he liked to arrange a party the next day.

26. Clair warned us not to touch the fence. It was painted the day before and the paint was still wet.

27. Sally accused me of having made my mum cry and not to be so rude.

28. Cindy refused to reveal the secret andsaid that she had promised not to tell it anybody.

29. Laura said that she would be able to do it the next day if she had some free time.

30. I thought that my father would give me some money if I asked for it.

31. Sam cried that it was wonderful and his next-door neighbour had agreed to lend him money.

32. Mike suggested playing tennis and said that I was the best player he had met in his life.

33. Alan asked where I had bought that nice tie.

34. Sandra knew that I would go out if it didn’t rain now.

35. Steve cried out in pay that he had a sharp pain in his back, he felt he was going to faint.

36. Jack asked whether she told truth or not.

37. The weatherman forecasfed that at weekends there would be some scatted rain showers. The drivers should be very careful and keep that in mind when they were driving that weekend.

38. Teresa accused Frank that he had stolen her pen and she had seen him do it.

39. The detective asked the suspect where he had beenthe night before at the time of murder, he wondered what he had been doing and if somebody could prove it.

40. Dad said to Tommy that he had to visit his grandparents. He hadn't seen them for ages.

41. Mum told to her children that they mustn't play with sharp objects! It was very dangerous.

42. I thought that my father would give me some money if І аsked for it.

43. She knew if Bob went to Japan the following year he would need a visa.

44. Mum complained that I had had a toothache since I came home.

45. The teacher threatened the children to stop fighting oк she would invite their parents to the headmaster.

46. Max said that he had invited the Browns to the party he would be glad if they came.

47. George said that he had the uncomfortable feeling that someone was following them but he couldn’t see anybody.

48. The policeman told to the robber to put his revolver down! He was protecting the Smiths' property.

49. Alison thought that she would have never made such a stupid mistake if she hadn't been so tired.

50. Kate exclaimed with disgust when she had stepped into the muddy puddle!

51. Alan gave exclaimation of surprise because didn’t expect she would come that day.

52. William told to Juliet that she didn’t need to do it then. She could di it the next day.

53. Jack suggested dining out that night. He invited you to a Chinese restaurant.

54. Roger asked why they didn’t go to the theatre for a change adding that was the beginning of the theatrical season in the National Theatre the following day.

55. David asked whether I would phone you the following morning.

56. Mr. Smith greated hello to Mary and a Happy NewYear!

57. The man said that I had stolen his wallet

58. The teacher said that water freezes-below 0° C.

59. My father suggested doing that crossword puzzle.

60. Sarah told to her brother not to stay up reading too late. He was always having his nose in the book.

modal verbs.

1. Stewart is so tired and he is really happy that he will have a day off tomorrow  and will not have to go to work.

2. Could you help me to find the book 'Death in Venice' by Thomas Mann?  

3. I can't find my socks anywhere. I wore them on Tuesday. — Your mum probably thought they were dirty. They must be in the laundry hamper.

4. I feel as if І could eat a whole cake by myself.

5. You should send your application right now, or else you may lose your chance for that well-paid job.

6. You shouldn’t have bought such an expensive bag. Why have you done it? You have plenty of others in your wardrobe.

7. Yesterday I saw a man who looked jlike Tom. — It couldn’t have been Tom. He is on holiday in Valetta, the capital of Malta.

8. If Martin could write and speak English fluently he wouldn’t have to take those courses next summer.

9. I wonder if it was Julie. — No, it could have been Julie.. I saw her working in the garden and I think she is still outside.

10. I saw Kevin working on the last item of his report a couple of hours ago. I think he could have finished working by now.

11. If Trevor doesn't pay his rent, he will have no place to live. I think he has to do it possible.

12. Martha has to travel on business now because she is a top sales manager for one of the divisions of her icompany.

13. The weather forecaster predicts light drizzles in the morning, but it may rain heavily by the evening.

14. Samanta could have done it long before, she just didn't try.

15. Simon might have been more polite. The old man was insulted by his jokes.

1б.РоІІу might have told about the customers' complaints yesterday.

17. Most people are reluctant to go tothe dentist but they should do it regularly.   

18. Kathy, why should you be different from other students?

19. Barbara doesn't have a penny to bless herself with. She shouldn’t have spent so much money. 

20. This knife will not cut. You should sharpen it if you want to cut the carrots into thin stripes.

21. How did you know about her arrival? Someone must have told you!

22. The teacher asked him if he could be a little more attentive.

23. The Smiths can’t have known about our plans for moving into another flat-it's not possible. 

24. Why aren't Alison and Paul speaking to each other? – They must have had an argument.                                    

25. I saw Martha coming into the office. She must have been working here since that time.

26. I was convinced that Kevin hadn't done this. .You must have been mistaken.

27. I can see Anne reading a textbook. She must have been revising for the exam.

28. Susie just never lifts a finger to help me, so I have to do everything myself.

29. There may be trouble if you release that information.

30. Dolly might have hit her head and lost her memory.

31. Sharon will have to get on with the project during the next holidays,

32. Harry didn’t have to go to work last Friday, so he went to the beach.

33. We didn’t have togive that tip because the service was awful.

34. The young man was struggling in the deep water but fortunately his friend was able to rescue him just in time.

35. You needn’t have informed the boss. The secretary had already done so.

Why didn't you ask her about it?

36.1 didn’t have to pay for the meal at the restaurant because it was on the house.

37. Mark wasn’t able to finish the job on time. He has some problems now.       

38. Sylvia bought a cake for the party. She needn’t have done that because her colleague had already bought one.

39. You must not take plants and Animals through customs.

40. John was told that he should’t worry about booking in advance.

41.I saw Monica walking along the street yesterday but she didn't stop to speak to me. She       must have been in a hurry.

42. Could it be Sophie? I can hardly recognize her and don't believe my eyes!           

43. The child asked if he could be given another orange.

44. On hearing the news Miranda began to cry. You shouldn’t have told her the truth.

45. It was a high, shabby house surrounded by the buildings that looked neat and clean. It couldn’t have been painted.

46. Nelly should have sent for a doctor, as her child had a high temperature.

47. The weather may be fine tomorrow. Let's go to Brighton. I like to spend a nice restful day there.

48. You don’t haveto start     moving     things     yourselves!

You should be experienced to do a job like this.

49. What's happened? — You may have actually heard the thieves had stolen my jewellery.

50. First I heard somebody move about'my house. Then 1 heard the back door bang. I thought it was Brenda. But it couldn’t have been her because she had left for Washington.

51. I'm sorry. I'm trying to find the way to Regent's Park. Could you direct me?

52. I have toget home by ten o'clock, so l had better leave now.

53. Helen realized that she had forgotten to bring my book, so she had toreturn home to get it back.

54. You should let me know if you want any help with your project.

55. My aunt asked me if I would mind waiting for her a little longer.

56. There was no need for you to pay the registration fee. You needn’t have paid it.

57. Joe may have been driving too fast and lost control, in the house.

58. My dog Tracy was in the house. It couldn’t have been my dog chasing the cat.

59. Malcolm has to do military service in that country.

60. Phil was able to escape from the robbers because he ran so fast.

Infinitive or Gerund

1. Last week Simon went.down with the flu. It made him feel awful. So he tried taking medicine and went to bed.

2. Imagine being unable to read the direction on a medicine bottle.

3. During a fire drift everyone is required to leave the building.

4. Don't keep asking me the, same questions over and over.

5. Some people prefer saving their money, to spending it.

6. The detective wanted to know who the last person to leave the office was.

7. Try drinking more water if you want healthier skin.

8. The Thompsons were reluctant to lend us money.

9. Linda is always willing to help if there is a problem at work, but she doesn't like being called home unless there is an emergency.

10. Olga tried to concentrate but her children prevented her from completing her task.

11 I’d prefer to stay home rather than go to the museum.

12 Sheila regrets to say that you have missed your train.

13. Kyle always remembers to lock the   door,   but  he   always   forgets to turn the TV off.

14. The athlete practiced throwing the disc.

15. She finally agreed to marry him.

16. Annie spends most of the time playing the piano.

17. The doctor will stop to see how you arc later.

18. Your skirt is wrinkled. It needs ironing.

19. Tony would like have to been invited to the party last week, but he wasn't.

20. Greta is not accustomed to living in the village.

21. What did you forget to do before you left the office this afternoon? :

22. Sean says working harder means getting more money.

23.Last week I caught a cold. It made me feel awful. I didn't have enough energy to get out of bed.

24. Isabel    doesn't    mind    having a roommate. But she won’t let anybody use her things. 25.1 forgot to tell you that Carla had got married. — Oh, I can't remember seeing   her going out with somebody!

26. I'd not advise you to stay with your family. I recommend seeing the show.

27. Can you remember meeting him when you were a child?

28. Tom couldn't resist eating this dessert.

29. Steve quit trying to solve the problem.

30. Carol mentioned going to the cinema.

31. I'll consider going with him to Great Britain.

32. She won't tolerate cheating during the examination.

33. We'll never forget visiting Napoleon's Tomb.

34. He delayed leaving for school.

35. I feel guilty of not having written to you sooner, but I've been up to the neck in work.    

36. Teenagers sometimes complain about not being understood by their parents.

37. They expected to be invited to the party to their friends.

38. Your compositions are supposed to be written on time.

39. There is no point in getting angry with her sister. She is too young to understand it.