Как видно из практической работы, большая  часть заимствований приходится на слова из французского и испанского языков. Возможно, это объясняется тем, что и Франция, и Испания – морские страны, что обеспечивает более тесные взаимосвязи. Географическое соседство Великобритании и Франции и как следствие вынужденные контакты также являются одной из главных причин. Примечательно, что французский и испанский языки входят в одну языковую семью – романскую.

    Латинские слова и словообразовательные элементы широко используются в терминологии науки. В основном это научные названия животных, растений, а также бактерий, причем особенностью этой группы слов является то, что в экономических текстах они могут использоваться в переносном, ироничном значении. Латинские слова стали так же, как и греческие, неотъемлемой частью английского языка. 
 
 

Библиографический список

 

1) Амосова Н.  Н. Этимологические основы словарного состава современного английского языка. М., 1956

2) Антрушина  Г. Б. Лексикология английского  языка, М., 2001

3) Арбекова Т.  И. Лексикология английского языка,  М., 1977

4) Арнольд И.  В. Лексикология современного  английского языка, М., 1989

5) Войнова Е.А. Лексикология современного английского языка.— М., 1991.

6) Гинзбург, Хидекель. Лексикология английского языка.— М., 1981.

7) Дубенец Э.  М. Лексикология современного  английского языка, М. 2002

8) Словарь иностранных слов русского языка

Электронные источники:

9) http://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-45085.html

10) http://www.fos.ru/foreign/8527.html

11.) Википедия (Wikipedia.org)

12) http://englishextra.org/dl/pdf/fundamentals_of_the_theory_of_english.pdf

Список  источников

 

1) The Economist June 27 2009

2) The Economist September 12 2009

3) The Economist March 14 2009

4) The Economist October 03 2009

5) The Economist September 20 2009

6) The Economist Feb 14 2009

7) The Economist June 20 2009

8) The Economist Feb 21 2009 
Приложение 

Испанские слова 

It has also made more than 58,000 arrests; and though some 95% of these people are hangers-on or small-time drug-dealers, they include two-dozen kingpins and a thousand sicarios (hired gunmen). The Economist March 07 2009

Sicario – исп. наемный убийца. 

Most corridas start then, when the declining sun shines full in the bull’s eyes, dazzling him. And that was the only time Conchita Cintron felt afraid. (The Economist March 07 2009)

Corrida – исп. коррида. 

Behind the closed gates of the patio de cuadrillas, mounted and ready, she would feel a sudden lightning bolt to the pit of the stomach, the realisation that she didn’t know how the bull would be, or what was about to happen. (The Economist March 07 2009)

Patio – исп. 1) патио, внутренний двор 2) подъезд (дома).

Cuadrilla – исп. 1) группа; бригада; команда 2) шайка, банда en cuadrilla — группой, бандой 3) квадрилья, куадрилья (группа участников корриды под началом матадора) 4) кадриль (танец) 

She was a gringa, with a Puerto Rican father and an Irish-American mother; this accounted for her fair northern colouring, which earned her the name “Golden Goddess” in Mexico, where she made her reputation. The Economist March 07 2009)

Gringo – исп. 1) не говорящий по-испански; говорящий на английском языке 2) гринго, иностранец 3) американец, янки 

Her fine hands allowed her to flick and twirl the muleta, luring the bull and teasing him, with extraordinary artistry. (The Economist March 07 2009)

Muleta – исп. 1) костыль 2) мулета 3) поддержка, опора 

Beside the huge black beast, one commentator wrote, she looked like a Sevres figurine, but one brimming over with duende—courage, grace and defiance. (The Economist March 07 2009)

Duende исп. 1) чёрт; бес 2) домовой 3) гном; карлик 4) привидение; призрак andar como duende; parecer un duende — появляться, исчезать, блуждать подобно призраку 5) обаяние, очарование, волшебный дар (артиста). 

She was known especially for her veronicas, slow backward swings of the cape with both feet rock-steady as the bull raced towards her, almost upon her. The Economist March 07 2009)

Verónica – исп. один из приёмов тореро. 

She saw her banderilla planted firmly for the first time in the black, mountainous neck. (The Economist March 07 2009)

Banderilla – исп. 1) de bandera 2) бандерилья (копьецо, украшенное лентами) banderillas de fuego — бандерильи, снабжённые петардами 3) знак, признак; показатель 4) колкость, насмешка, язвительное словцо. 

She had been trained as a rejoneadora, in the Portuguese version of bullfighting, and was supposed to stay on her horse. (The Economist March 07 2009)

Rejoneador – исп. рехонеадор (тореро с деревянным копьём на лошади) 

She snatched a muleta and sword from the waiting novillero, raised the sword as the bull charged, and then dropped it, instead caressing the huge black neck as it hurtled past. (The Economist March 07 2009)

Novillero – исп. 1) скотник, пастух (ухаживающий за молодняком) 2) начинающий тореро (участвующий в корриде с молодыми быками) 3) прогульщик; сачок. 

MAO ZEDONG called it protracted war; the Spanish in Napoleonic times knew it as guerrilla. (The Economist October 03 2009)

Guerrilla – исп. 1) партизанский отряд 2) партизанская война 3) стрелковая цепь  

The most popular of Mr Chavez’s social misiones is Barrio Adentro (The Economist June 20 2009)

Mission – исп. миссия; поручение; задание. 

Older Cuban-Americans, los historicos as they call themselves, who left Cuba in the immediate aftermath of the 1959 revolution led by Fidel Castro, vehemently oppose the concert. (The Economist June 20 2009)

Los – исп. art det ( м. р. мн. )

Historicus, ī – лат. историк, знаток истории. 

Juanes has also pleaded ignorance about the political actions of some of the Cuban artists he has invited on stage, including the legendary trovador (balladeer) Silvio Rodriguez. (The Economist June 20 2009)

Trovador – исп. трубадур ; поэт; певец. 

In the mid-1980s, fuelled by trade and the growth of the maquiladora programme (in which components are shipped to Mexico, assembled and shipped back), things began to pick up in Hidalgo County. (The Economist March 14 2009)

Maquiladora – исп. предприятия "макиладорас" (предприятия и производства в приграничной зоне Мексики-США). 

And parts of Hidalgo County remain desperately poor. Thousands of people still live on the outskirts of town in colonias, unincorporated neighbourhoods without basic services. (The Economist March 14 2009)

Colonia – исп. 1) колония а) поселение.

These break-ups were not just a result of machismo: from the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s about 30% of female lead characters in novelas were unfaithful to their partners. (The Economist March 14 2009)

Novela – исп. роман, повесть. 

None of the detainees has been charged. Prosecutors are relying on orders of Arraigo.( The Economist June 20 2009)

Arraigo – исп. недвижимая собственность; недвижимость. 

She points out that Chapellin now has three soup kitchens to help the poorest, primary health-care posts and a mercalito. (The Economist Feb 7 2009)

Mercalito – исп. a government shop with subsidized food. 

Mr Chavez joined Messrs Lugo, Morales and Correa in a karaoke rendition of “Hasta siempre commandante”—a dirge about the exploits of Che Guevara—before disappearing.

Hasta siempre commandante – исп. досл. «до вечности, команданте» 

Brazilians like to borrow and spend, and ao inferno with the future. (The Economist June 20 2009)

Inferno – исп. ад 

Количество слов: 21 

Итальянские слова 

Both Mr Brown and Lord Mandelson—in a speech that was the conference’s star turn, alternately camp and crusading, pantomime and pianissimo—over-ambitiously tried to depict their party as insurgents rather than incumbents. (The Economist October 03 2009)

Pianissimo – ит. пианиссимо (очень тихо). 

As many of the historic capos of these gangs are killed, arrested or extradited, what was an oligopoly has splintered into warring factions. The Economist March 07 2009)

Capo = capo mafioso; " глава мафии". 1950s: from Italian, from Latin caput ‘head’. 

Public administration is often a substitute for market activity in the mezzogiorno and the region needs to become more efficient. (The Economist June 20 2009)

Mezzogiorno – ит. 1) полдень ci siamo visti a mezzogiorno e qualcosa — мы встретились где-то после полудня 2) юг 

One of the greatest victories of the reformasi movement of 1998 has been the freedom of the press. (The Economist September 12 2009)

Formare – ит. отформовать, набирать, образовывать, составлять, формировать, формовать. 

But there is a vast oeuvre, from chamber music to concerti grossi, that gets far fewer airings.

Concerti – ит варв. концерт

Grossi – ит. большой 

Всего слов: 5 

Немецкие слова 
 

The woes of the Volksparteien, the three large parties that have dominated German politics since the war, seem hardly less urgent to their leaders than those of the country. (The Economist October 03 2009) 

Volk (-es, Völker) – нем. Народ.

Partei -нем. -en 1) партия 2) сторона (в процессе, договоре, соревновании). 
 

The number taking advantage of the Kurzarbeit scheme has soared since last autumn, from under 80,000 to over 1.4m in June. The Economist October 03 2009)

Kurzarbeit – нем. неполный рабочий день; неполная рабочая неделя. 

America is unlikely to repeat George Bush’s America uber alles foreign policy in the near future. (The Economist March 14 2009) 

Germany’s post-war prosperity (first in West Germany, then haltingly across the country after reunification) was founded partly on the notion of Ordnungspolitik, whereby the state referees the market without seeking to control it. (The Economist March 14 2009)

Ordnungspolitik – нем. политика формирования экономического порядка, политика формирования хозяйственного порядка. 

Meanwhile resources and responsibilities were transferred from central government to subnational ones—primarily provinces and kabupaten, or districts—which became responsible for most public services. (The Economist September 12 2009)

Kabupaten - нем. округ, район. 

This is not what Germans call a Richtungswahl (turning-point election) (The Economist September 20 2009)

Richtung – нем. 1) направление; , курс 2) азимут; навигационный пеленг.

Wahl – нем. (=, -en) 1) выбор. 

Kundigungsschutz, a system of worker protection that makes each dismissal a judicial adventure. (The Economist September 20 2009)

Kündigung, -en – нем. расторжение (договора); отмена; денонсация договора; увольнение.

Schutz, -(e)s – нем. Защита. 

One ingenious device was the Simultankirche, a shared church where the two faiths worshipped separately. (The Economist September 20 2009)

Simultan – нем. 1) одновременный, параллельный, синхронный; совместный 2) общий.

Kirche – нем. церковь. 

Add Schadenfreude to the emotional mix: Germans would have to be saints not to cheer, just a bit, the crisis engulfing rivals like Britain, whose leaders used to sneer about continental stagnation (The Economist September 12 2009)

Schadenfreude – нем. злорадство; наслаждение страданиями других. 

Всего слов: 9 

Французские слова 

For better or worse, an Elk, an enarque or an Etonian knows something about his fellows. (The Economist June 27 2009)

énarque – фр. выпускник Национальной школы администрации. 

In French firms outsiders can find themselves struggling to navigate their way among the enarques and polytechniciens from the elite schools, not to mention all those masons. The Economist June 27 2009)

Polytechnicien – фр. 1) студент политехнической школы 2) выпускник политехнической школы 

TANNED and rested after his holiday in the south of France, Nicolas Sarkozy returned to Paris this week for la rentree politique with a spring in his step. (The Economist June 20 2009)

Rentrée – фр. возвращение; возобновление работы.

Politique  - фр. политика. 

In any case, there is already a move away from the dirigiste target culture of the Blair years. The Economist June 20 2009)

Dirigiste – фр. сторонник дирижизма.