Заимствование в лексической системе английского языка

24. Zemstvo

The result was a tremendous upsurge of liberal and revolutionary propaganda, a campaign of banquets and public meetings to demand reform, a zemstvo congress to draw up specific proposals for change, and the formation of a series of politically oriented unions.( Harlow 1992)

25. Vetche

Where the vetche had survived, in Novgorod and Pskov, the centralizing activity of Ivan III and Basil III had been deliberately designed to destroy it. (Harlow 1992)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.2 Заимствования из немецкого языка

 

 

1.Lager

There was also a delicious Helles (‘pale’) lager in the malty Bavarian style, a toffeeish Dunkles (‘dark’) lager and a wonderfully mouth-coating Bock. (St Albans 1991)

2. Leberwurst

Amongst them was Aranyos, seated on a log toasting some bread and leberwurst(Butters 1991)

3. Quark

Although these cheeses are very popular in Europe (it is said that the average German eats 5kg/11lb of quark a year, accounting for half their cheese intake) they may become a passing fad of the era of nouvelle cuisine in the UK (Moon 1989)

4. Sauerkraut

Here you'll find Frankfurt specialties such as Schäufelchen (shoulder of pork), Kraut und Rippchen (sauerkraut with spare ribs) and Handkäs mit Musik (cheese and onion), all washed down with the lethal local cider, Ebbelwei.( Germany Switzerland Austria -- GTF Tours. London: German Tourist Facilities Ltd, 1992)

5.Strudel

Even the minor characterisations in this book bristle with prickly detail; the narrator's unloved Aunt Mildred ‘had a powdered look, like her own strudel’; Wolfe, one of Billy's ghost-writers, ‘builds up his reputation as a weirdo nihilist. (Independent, electronic edition of 19891007. London: Newspaper Publishing plc, 1989)

6. Abseil

The Isle of Man Tourist Board is offering microlight gliding days round the island; Lake Vyrnwy Hotel in Mid-Wales is promoting helicopter safaris over magnificent scenery; and clients can abseil down the walls of the Lake District's Armathwaite Hall. (Marketing Week. London: Centaur Communications, 1992)

7. Blitz

Sheer information can be boosted Quickly by a media blitz, or by individuals' personal information-gathering resources — their education, their interest and involvement with politics, and their use of information-rich highbrow news sources (Miller 1991)

8.  Schuss

Perhaps the most enjoyable trip is the final schuss into the village centre after a hard day's skiing and an essential stop-off for a limb-loosening rum chocolate at Cafe Oberland (Today 1992)

9. Handstand

Some mongooses, for example, employ a similar handstand when marking overhanging branches with their personal scent, and South American bush dogs regularly stand on their front feet when leaving their personal odours on tree-trunks(Batchelor 1988)

10.  Fest

If this year's hairy, cosmically-inclined fest is anything to go by, Reading ‘93 will be alarmingly similar to Reading ‘73, where ten-minute tom tom solos meet spliffed-up, spaced-out poses, the Glam lies down on that boggy broadway where the Salvation Army tent provides soup and a roll for ten pence and Manic Street Preachers are the punk rock of the future (New Musical Express 1992)

11. Gesundheit

Project staff included researchers from BGS, the Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit (GSF, Germany), the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI, Switzerland), the University of Ottawa, the University of Jordan, AEA Technology, and the Nationale Genossenschaft für die Lagerung radioaktiver Abfälle (NAGRA, Switzerland). (An archaeology of the early Anglo-Saxon kingdoms 1988)

12.  Hausfrau

He'd met up with a marvellous girl in Munster, anyway; then a fully consenting Hausfrau from Hamburg…and so it had gone on (Maidenhead 1992)

13.  Noodle

The irony of excessive expenses incurred for Karl Marx's daughter wasn't lost on Rosenberg, but Aveling called his accusations ridiculous, and he was defended from England by Engels who brushed off Aveling's embezzlements as the pranks of a boyish «noodle» (Young 1991)

14. Rottweiler

There were a few German Shepherds and Dobermanns guarding the larger properties, and the security guard at the hotel had a Rottweiler but, by and large, dogs were thin on the ground and were usually medium to large brown mongrels.

15. Wunderkind

And then there was his white-hot romance with another musical wunderkind, Jacqueline du Pre — the most remarkable cellist of her generation. (Daily 1992)

16. Ansatz

An immediate consequence of this ansatz is that should be a symmetric divergenceless second-rank tensor to match the stress-energy tensor. (Kenyon 1990)

17. Festschrift

An accurate scholar and an inspired teacher, he did not become a Professor in Bristol — yet his friends and pupils combined to give him that rarest of honours, a Festschrift, a book containing some of their best work, published to mark his 70th birthday. (Northamptonshire Rose of the Shires.)

18. Bauhaus

Besides the Dresser drawings, the Met's exhibition features other notable groups of designs, which Johnson has tellingly juxtaposed with similar examples by different ‘schools’: several rug designs by 1920s British designer Eileen Gray are placed near a group of anonymous Bauhaus rug designs which strongly suggest Klee; fabric patterns by such diverse talents as the American painter Stuart Davis, French couturier Paul Poiret and anonymous masters from the Wiener Werkstatte are remarkably similar, as are finely finished watercolours for furniture by the American L. and J.G. Stickley Company and Swedish designer Erik Gunnar Asplund. (Steam Railway News 1992)

19. Biedermeier

Renaissance, baroque, rococo and Biedermeier swirled around in our minds as we grew to understand the history of the Habsburg Empire in a tour that was, as far as possible, chronologically arranged. ([Daily Telegraph, electronic edition of 19920405]. London: The Daily Telegraph plc, 1992)

20. Leitmotif

In keeping with the book's leitmotif, however, let's ignore all that and focus instead on the rich images of Lamb in shock at the lunch interval after weathering 22 bouncers among the preceding 24 balls; of Dexter losing interest after fielding all day in 90 degrees at Karachi; of the normally taciturn Peter May sounding off about the regime which followed him as chairman of selectors; of the ‘terror of spin’ and the West Indian ‘throat-theory’reign of terror, attributed in part to the meatiness of their backsides. (Wisden Cricket Monthly 1992)

21. Ablaut

In philology, which is the study of how languages have developed through history, ablaut refers to the systematic vowel changes in verb forms of Indo-European languages, as in drive, drove, driven. (Thorpe 1980)

22. Diktat

The strategy consisted not of ministerial diktat but the progressive application of pressure on LEAs to ensure that the school curriculum in their areas was in line with a real or imagined consensus about what pupils should learn at school (Hales 1989)

23. Strafe

Right now I should be putting the frighteners on the lot of them — by flinging Rainbow back behind the wheel, and sending the taxi southwards down the northbound carriageway at a speed so fast that all the aunties' lives flash in a whizzing 360-degree pan before their eyes, or by rendering the whole equipage airborne while the driver uses the remnants of her chopped-chicken-liver-on-rye to strafe the unsuspecting Anglicans of Wherwell, Winchester and Nether Wallop.(Wilson 1993)

24. Luft

It had been thought at one time that the restriction did not apply to an attack on members of a party as a whole, or where the motive was simply the provision of information and not the demoting of a candidate, but Luft adopts an extensive interpretation of the scope of the provision (Catholic Voice Publications 1992)

25. Kapellmeister

A more sophisticated form of vernacular religious music of the Counter-Reformation was the madrigale spirituale which began to flower in 1581 with the publication of the first book of Madrigali spirituali a cinque voci by the Imperial Kapellmeister Philipp de Monte (1521–1603), another Italianized Fleming. (Abraham 1985)

 

 

 

ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ

 

 

Итак, в ходе работы выяснилось, что на развитие английского языка  иностранные языки оказали гораздо  большее влияние, чем на развитие многих других европейских языков.

Современный словарный запас  английского языка менялся и  дополнялся на протяжении многих веков  и сейчас  имеет в своем запасе большое количество слов, которые  также оказали неоднозначное  влияние  на формирование его вокабуляра. Но, несмотря на это, английский язык не превратился в некого “гибрида” и никоим образом не потерял свою самобытность.

Также была решена задача работы рассмсотреть состояние лексического состава английского языка в целом, анализируя эпохи развития через историю. Исходя из этого, можно сделать вывод, что английский язык, принимая слова из других иностранных языков, не нарушил своей специфики. Наоборот, он обогатил себя наилучшими языковыми элементами, которые мог впитать за всю историю.

В противовес этому можно  назвать нынешний французский язык как государственный язык Франции, носители которого остро  заботятся  о чистоте языка, пытаясь ограничить, изолировать его от иноязычных нововведений. С одной стороны, как может  показаться, язык должен сохранять  свою сущность, характерность. Но с  другой стороны, попытки изолировать  язык, как носителя национальной культуры, искусства, менталитета могут не оправдать ожидаемых результатов. Это, возможно, застопорит развитие языка, сделает его менее живым и  ярким.

Английский же язык, будучи неограниченный никакими рамками, не потерял  своего “лица”; он остался языком германской группы со всеми характерными чертами, присущими ему на всем протяжении его развития, и те изменения, которые он претерпел в связи с заимствованиями, лишь обогатили его словарный состав.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК

 

 

1. Харитончик, З.А. Лексика английского языка, 1992
2. Маковский, М.М. Английская этимология, 1986
3. Маслов, Ю.С. Введение в языкознание, 1987
4. Бухвальд, Арт. Это Америка,1966
5. Арнольд, И.В. Лексикология современного английского языка/ И.В. Арнольд, 2001
6. Фирсов, Н.М. Социолингвистические  и лингвистические  аспекты  в  изучении  иностранных языков, 2002
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19. The rise and fall of Nicolae and Elena Caeusescu. Almond, Mark. London: Chapmans Publishers Ltd, 1992
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22. One step backwards, two steps forward. Pethybridge, Roger. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990
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26. Britain on the breadline. Laybourn, Keith. Gloucester: Alan Sutton Publishing Ltd, 1990
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29. What's brewing. St Albans: CAMRA, 1991
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31. Delicatessen: a celebration and cookbook. Moon, Rosemary. Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles Publishers plc, 1989
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35. Today. London: News Group Newspapers Ltd, 1992
36. Forty plus. Batchelor, Mary. Tring, Herts: Lion Publishing plc, 1988
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47. Lancaster Diocesan Catholic Voice. Liverpool: Catholic Voice Publications Ltd, 1992
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