Tashkent i

When a reader comes to library for the first time he fills in his library card and the librarian helps him to choose something to read. The reader is allowed to borrow books for a certain number of days. The catalogues help the reader to find the books he needs. We should be careful with the books and not damage them in any way. We should not make notes in library books or dog`s-ear the pages. Reading rooms are open to all who wish to work there. Besides books we can get periodicals, newspaper files and magazines to read there. readers come to reading rooms to study and prepare material for their reports or for their scientific work.   

WOLFGANG MOZART

Wolfgang Mozart is a famous Austrian composer. Mozart was born in 1756 in Salchburg, Austria. His father, a violinist and a composer, noticed wonderful talent of his son and taught him how to play musical instruments and to compose.

Being 4 years old Mozart played the clavier. When he was 5 or 6 years old he started composing music. At the age of 8-9 Mozart created his first symphonies, and at the age of 10-11 his first creations for musical theatre.

When he was 6 years old his father decided to take him and her sister to the big cities of Europe. Two children gave concerts in Germany, Austria, France, England, and Switzerland. The audience was delighted to see such a small boy playing the clavier.

When he was 14 he was invited to Italy. He could not imagine his life without music. By the age of 19 he was the author of ten major musical works. At the age of 26 he moved from his native town to Vienna. Though he didn`t have a great success as a composer in Vienna, Mozart wrote many songs, serenades, and symphonies. Burdens of life, poverty and diseare speeded up his death. Many people now know and like his music.

STAR SIGNS

There are 12 star signs. And people who belong to the definite sign have their own character, habits and manners. So if you were born under the sign of Aquarius (21 st January – 18th February) you like to be free. You have original ideas. Some of your ideas are crazy! Pisces (19^th February – 20^th March) are friendly and kind. They are good at art and they love music. They often lose things and forget the time. Aries (21^st March – 20^th April) like jokes, parties and loud music. They are good at sport. They don`t often ask for advice. Sometimes they`re a bit selfish. They people who are born under the sign of Taurus (21^st April – 21^st May) work hard. They are very practical and helpful. They don`t like changes. They like food.

If you`re Gemini (22<sup>nd</sup> May – 21<sup>st</sup> June) you love surprises. You like chatting with your friends. You do a lot of things at once. Cancer (22<sup>nd</sup> June – 22<sup>nd</sup> July) seems strong and selfish. But really he`s soft and sensitive. One minute he`s happy, the next minute he feels bad. Leos (23^rd July – 23 rd August) are leaders. They want to be rich and important ona day. They love expensive things. Virgo (24^th August – 22^nd September) always works hard. She chooses her friends carefully because they have to be perfect!

If you`re Libra (23<sup>rd</sup> September – 23<sup>rd</sup> October) people like you because you always say nice things. You hate fights. You want everyone to be happy. You`re a bit lazy. People who were born under the sign of Scorpio (24^th October – 22^nd November) are very strong persons. They always get what they want. They`re very good friends. If you are Sagitterius (23<sup>rd</sup> November – 21<sup>st</sup> December) you are friendly. You spend money like water. You always tell the truth. Sometimes this can hurt your friends` feelings. Capricorns (22^nd December – 20^th January) are quiet and serious. They work hard. Their friends like them because they never do stupid things. 

THE BOOK-BAG

Some people read for instruction, and some for pleasure, but not a few from habit. I belong to that company. Let us admit that reading with us is just a drug that we cannot get along without.

Books are necessary to me and I am never travel far without enough reading matter. But when I am starting on a long journey, the problem is really great. I have learnt my lesson. Once I fell ill in a small town in Java and had to stay in bed for three months. I came to end of all the books I had brought with me and knowing no Dutch had to buy the schoolbooks from which intelligent Javanese, I suppose, got knowledge of French and German. So I read again the plays Goethe, the fables of La Fortaine and the tragedies of Racine. I have the greatest admiration for Racine, but I admit that to read his plays one after the other requires a certain effort in a person who is ill. Since than I have made a point of traveling with a large sack full of  books for every possible occasion and every mood.

There are books of all kinds. Volumes of verse, novels, philosophical works, critical studies (they say books about books are useless, but they certainly make very pleasant reading), biographies, history; there are books to read when you are ill and books to read when your brain wants something to work at; there are books that you have always wanted to read but in the hurry of life at home have never found time to; there are books to read at sea; there are books for bad weather; there are books chosen solely for their length, which you take along when you have to travel light, and there are the books you can read when you can read nothing else. 

MAIN PURPOSES OF USING LANGUAGE

Language is used by people in a society to express and receive thoughts and ideas. This understanding of the function of languages is, however, not necessarily derived from our own experience in using a language, but by definition from dictionaries and linguistic books.

If we observe how we use language in our daily lives, we may find that the function is not so simple. In many cases, we do not use languages to express ideas or feelings. Neither do we always use language to inform. For example, suppose we meet a colleague in the morning. We great each other with “Good morning”, “How are you?” or even “It`s a fine day, isn`t it?”. We say these things not because we are interested in the information about each other`s health or want each other`s opinions about the weather. Similarly, when we write thank-you letters, love letters, or Christmas or birthday cards, our primary attention is not to give information. So what are the mein purposes of using languages, spoken or written, in these cases? The answer is “to establish and maintain social relationships,” a function of language termed the interactional use of language by Brown and Yule (1983. Discourse analysis).

Brown and Yule use two terms to describe the major functions of language – transactional and interactional. Transactional language is used to convey content; interactional language is used to maintain social relationships and express personal attitudes. Following this division, Brown and Yule further label “the language which is used to convey factual or propositional informational as primarily transactional language”. It is assumed that in using primarily interctional language, what the speaker (or writer) has primarily in mind is the efficient establishment or maintenance of social relationships; language used in such a situation is primarily “relationship oriented”.

However, as Brown and Yule point out, the division of transactional and interactional language is “an analystic convenience”, and “it would be unlikely that, on any occasion, a natural language utterance would be used to fulfill only one function, to the total exclusion of the other”. In fact, the two language uses are always interwoven, generally with equal importance in spoken and written communication. It is for this reason that we are emphasizing the necessity of making students aware of the interactional use of language in business writing is, as many would think, transactional rather than interactional.  

MICHAEL FARADEY

Michael Faradey is one of the great scientists in the history of man`s work in electricity. He was born in a small village near London on September 11, 1791, in a poor family. His family lived from hand to mouth. At the age of thirteen Michael went to work in a bookbinder`s shop, because he didn`t have much schooling. Some of the scientific works and articles which passed through his hands aroused his interest in science and he started to read.

Some time later Michael became a pupil of great scientist of that time, Sir Humphry Davy. The boy accompanied Davy in his trips to Europe. The educational value of such trips was great. Among great men of science Faradey met Ampere, who had already made a name for himself in the history of electricity.

Today almost all the electricity we use in generated by great machines with magnets in them, but in those days no one knew how to do it. That`s why the English scientist danced with delight on his table when he got what he wanted by moving the magnet near wire. This was a great moment in the history of man`s electrical experiments. But Faradey didn`t stop at this.

Faraday`s scientific interests were varied. He made new kind of glass and a new kind of steel. Faraday made about two thousand difficult experiments and made countless discoveries in chemistry and physic. He made a wonderful machine which was the father of all the dreat machines that make electricity today. They light and heat our houses and they make our radio-sets work. Michael Faraday was the creator of the electric motor, who ushered us in the electrical age which had changed the face of the earth.

THOMAS EDISON

Thomas Edison was born in 1847. He first went to school at the age of eight and a half. But after anly three month his teacher called him “stupid” and he came home crying. From that time his mother taught him at home and he read science books by himself. He got a job sending telegraph messages. Then he started inventing things. At the age of 12 he had a job selling newspapers. He made money in a clever but simple way. He checked the news stories first. When the news was interesting he took a lot of papers; when it was boring he took only few.

In 1977 he made a “phonograph” – the first ever sound recorder. The following year he invented light bulb. In 1882 New York was the first city in the world with electric lights. In 1889 he made “kinotoscope”. He also made films for his new machine. In 1903 he made the world`s longest film (it was ten minutes long!) After more than one thousand inventions, Edison died at the age of eighty-four. In his honour they switched off the lights all over the America.

THE TRETYAKOV GALLERY

Moscow is replete with art galleries and museums. Yet there is one gallery that remains a symbol of Russian art. It is the world-famous Tretyakov Gallery. The founder of the gallery was the entrepreneur Pavel Tretyakov (1832-1898).

Presently, the gallery is being improved by carefully planned purchases. Already more than 55 thousands work are kept there. There is the rich collection of ancient Russian icon painting of the 12^th-17^th centuries including Andrei Rublyov`s famous “Trinity”, as well as significant works of painting and sculpture of the 18^th-19^th centuries – paintings by Fyodor Rokotov, Karl Bryullov, Orest Kiprenskiy, and sculptures by Fedot Shubin. The gallery has an excellent selection of the best works by ilya Repin (including “Ivan the Terrible and His Son Ivan”), Victor Vasnetsov, Ivan Shishkin, Vasiliy Surikov (“The Morning of the Strelets Execution”) and others. The main building of the gallery includes the renovated Tretyakov hame and several buildings that were attached to it at verisous times. The main facade of the building was erected in 1902.

MODERN PRACTICE IN FOREIGN EXCHANGE

MARKET

The purpose of the foreign exchange market is to permit transfer of purchasing power denomination in one currency to another – that is to trade one currency for another currency.

Most currency transactions are channeled trough the worldwide interbank market, the wholesale market in which major banks trade with one another. This market which accounts for about 95% of foreign exchange transactions, is normally referred to us the foreign exchange market. In the spot market, currencies are traded for immediate delivery, which is actually within two business days after the transaction has been concluded. In the forward market, contracts are made to buy or sell currencies for future delivery. The major participants in the foreign exchange market are the large commercial banks, foreign exchange brokers in the interbank market, commercial customers, primarily multinational corporations, and central banks.

The major participants in the forward market can be categorized as arbitradeurs, traders, hedgers. and speculators. Arbitrageurs seek to earn risk-free profits by taking advantage of differences in interest rales among countries. They use forward contracts to eliminate the exchange risk funds from one nation to another. Traders use forward contracts to eliminate or cover the risk of loss on export or import orders that are denominated in foreign currencies. More generally, a forward-covering transevtion is related to a specific payments or receipt expected at a specified point in time. I ledgers, mostly multinational firms, engage in forvard contracts to protect the home currency value of various foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities on their balance sheets that are not to be realized over the life of the contracts. In contrast to these three types of forward market participants, speculator actively expose themselves to currency risk by buying or selling currencies forward in order to profit from exchange rate fluctuations. The Clearing System. Technology has standardized and sped up the international transfer of funds, which is at the heart of clearing, or setting, foreign exchange transactions. In the United States, where all foreign exchange transactions involving dollars arc cleared, electronic funds transfer take place trough the Clearing House Interbank Payments System, or CHIPS. CHIPS is a computerized network developed by the New York Clearing House Association for transfer of international dollar payments, linking about 150 depository institutions that have officer or affiliates in New York City. The foreign exchange market is by far largest financial market in the ward. A recent survey of the wards central banks by the bank – for International Settlements placed the average foreign volume in 1995 at $ 1.2 trillion daily, or $ 300 trillion a enr. Almost all major newspapers print a daily list of exchange rates. For major currencies, up to for different foreign exchange quotes (prices) are displayed. One is the spot prices. The others might include the 30-day, and 180-days forward prices. These quotes arc t`ov trades among dealers in the interbank market. When interbank trades involve dollars (about 60% of such trades do), these rates will be expressed in either Amrican terms (numbers of U.S. dollars per unit of foreign currency) or European terms (number of foreign currency units per U.S. dollar). In their dealings with nonbank customers, banks in most countries use are system of direct quotation. A direct exchange rate quote gives the home currency price of a certain quantity of the foreign currency quoted (usually 100 units, bye only one unit in the case of the case or the U.S. dollar or pound sterling). Banks in (ireat Britain quote the value of the pound sterling (&) in terms of the foreign currenc) – for example & 1=$ 1.4220. This method of indirect quotation is also used in the United Slates for domestic purposes and for the Canadian dollar. In their foreign exchange activities abroad, however. U.S. banks adhere to the European method of direct quotation.        

ENGLISH IN THE FIELD OF MULTIMEDIA

Nowadays English language is recognized to be an international language for communication in such areas as science, business, technology and mass entertainment. Our country is now integrating into the world community and all of us realize the importance of learning English.

There are two most frequently asked questions in the field of teaching English as a foreign language. The first question is what to teach and how to teach. And the second one is what knowledge, skills and abilities should our students have when they graduate universities. There are many approaches to language learning and teaching. The most widely used is called The Communicative Approach based on the theory that language is communication. In order to create an environment conductive to the learning of English the teacher must be able to facilitate the communication process in the classroom. Every teacher has a set of tools which halps and supports the teacher to convey the ideas necessary to the students` learning of English. These, for the most part, come in the form of books, newspapers, board games, pamphlets, brochures, slides, wall charts, posters, maps, scrolls, audio tapes, cassetters or CDs, videocassettes, flashcards and so forth. Computer programmes nowadays are ones of the most valuable resources in the universities.

They provide higher-level learning, technological advances, academic stimulation and pleasurable reading pursuits. Media programmes can put new life into old lessons and motivate students during their classroom curriculum. Yet, it is often the last place that a teacher think when planning his/her daily lessons or seeking new resources or ideas. The most widely used computer programmes for students are “Welcome to America”, “Celebrations”, “Washington”, “Museums”, “Famous Americans”, “Round up”, “Way Ahead”. These media programme helps students to develop grammar skills of the English language and gives an opportunity to develop and practice the language skills: speaking, reading, writing, listening through the following activities: click on the correct picture, drag the letters to make the words, type in the gaps, find the words and so forth. In conclusion I would like to say that multimedia serve as an important motivator in the language teaching process.

Multimedia provide teachers with a means of presenting material in a time-efficient and compact manner, and of stimulating students` senses, thereby helping them to process information more readily. Suffice it to say, that each form of multimedia presents unique advantages be it the availability and immediacy of feedback which the blackboard or whiteboard can supply, the economy of time which prepared overhead transparencies can provide the teacher, or the richness of authentic input the film or video medium can offer.  

AT THE POST-OFFICE

If you want to buy stamps, postcards, envelopes, to send a telegram or money order, to subscribe to newspaper or magazines, you have to go to the post-office.

At some post-office there is a special window where you may pay your rent, telephone, gas and electricity bills.

Yesterday, I had to send a parcel to my friend in another city. So I went to the nearest post-office. I handed the package to the clerk at the window marked “Parcel Post”. She weighed it and I paid for the stamps which she stuck on the package.

Then I went to the next window marked “Stamps”. I had to queue up here. When my turn came, I bought writing paper, envelopes and a few stamps. I sat down at a desk and wrote a letter. When the letter was ready , I wrote the address on the envelope, stuck a stamp on it and dropped it into the nearest letter-box.

MAGAZINES

Magazine is one of the major mass media. Magazine is a collection of articles and stories. Usually magazines also contain illustrations.

The earliest magazines developed from newspapers and booksellers catalogs. Such catalogs first appeared during the 1600`s in France. In the 1700`s pamphlets published at regular intervals appeared in England and America. They were literary publications. One of the first British magazines “The Gentleman`s Magazine” was published from 1731 to 1914. The first American magazine was called the “American Magazine”, or “A Monthly View”.

Magazines provide information on a wide range of topics such as business, culture, hobbies, medicine, religion, science, and sports. Some magazines entertain their readers with fiction, poetry, photography or articles about TV, or movie stars.

Magazines are designed to be kept for a longer time in comparison newspapers and that is why they are printed on a better paper and have covers. Magazines, unlike newspapers, do not focus on daily, rapidly changing events.

There are specialized magazines intended for special business, industrial and professional groups, and consumer magazines intended for general public. There are several kinds of consumer magazines.

Children`s magazines contain stories, jokes, articles on subjects specially interesting for children and instructions for making game or useful items.

Hobby magazines are intended for collectors of coins, stamps, and other items; people interested in certain sports or games; photography enthusiasts.

Intellectual magazines provide analysys of current cultural and political events. Many of them publish fiction and poetry as well.

Men`s magazines focus on such topics as adventure, entertainment, men`s fashion and sports.

Women`s magazines deal with child-raising, fashion trends, romance. They offer ideas on cooking and home decorating. Many of the monthlies with big circulations are women`s magazines.  

TRAVELLING

If we fond of traveling we see and learn all sorts of things we can never see or learn at home. Though we may read about them in books and newspapers and see pictures of them at the cinema. The best way to study geography is to travel and the best way to get to know and understand the people is to meet them in their own houses. When I was a little boy every holiday, that I had, seemed to be prefect. In those far-off days the sun seemed to shine constantly and the water was always warm. All day I played on the sand with my friends. We made sandcastles with huge yellow walls. Sometimes we left the beach and walked in the country. Although I am now an aduilt, my idea of a good holiday is much the same as it was. I still like the sun and the warm sand and the sound of waves breaking on the beach. I don`t want to build sandcastles any longer but still I like sunbathing and the feeling that sand is running through my fingers.

I like travelling. And I want to smell different smells. I want to see different kinds of trees, flowers and plants. When I spend a holiday in travelling I always take a camera with me and photography everything that interests or pleases me: the sights of a city, views of mountains, lakes, valleys; the ruins of ancient buildings. Some year later that will remind me the happy time that I had.   

BRITISH CUISINE

Some people criticize English food. They say it`s unimaginable, boring, tasteless, it`s chips with everything and totally overcooked vegetables.

Tha basic engredients, when fresh, are so full of flavour that British haven`t had to invent sauces to disguise their natural taste. What can compare with fresh pees or new potatoes just boiled and served with butter? Why drown spring lamb in wine or  cream and spices, when with just one or two herbs it is absolutely delicious?

If you ask foreigners to name some typically English dishes, they will probably say “Fish and chips” then stop. It is disappointing, but true that, there is no tradition in England of eating in restaurants, because the food doesn`t lend itself to such preparation. English cooking is found at home. So it is difficult to find a good English restaurant with reasonable prices.

In most cities in Britain you`ll find ndian, Chinese, French and Italian restaurants. In London you`ll also find Indonesian, Mexican, Greek… Cynics will say that this is because English have no “cuisine” themselves, but this is not quite the true.

English as the world language

The question of learning foreign languages is very important today. Foreign languages are required aspecially at the present time when progress in science and technology has led an explosion of  knowledge and has contributed to an averflow of information. The total knowledge of manking to double every seven years. Foreign languages are needed as the main and the most efficient means of information exchange between the people of our planet.

Today English is the language of the world. It is the language of progressive science and technology, trade and cultural relations, commerce and business. It is the universal language of international aviation, shipping and sport. It is also the major language of diplomacy.