Автор: Пользователь скрыл имя, 02 Ноября 2012 в 06:16, реферат
Tashkent is the capital of the independent Republic of Uzbekistan. It is a very old city. It was founded more than 2000 years ago. The city is located at the foothills of the Tian Shan mountain range and lies in the Chirchick river valley. The population of the city has already grown to more than 2 million people.
There are several Muslim monuments and historical buildings such as the Kokaldosh madrasah and the Barkkhan mosque which were built in the 16th century.
BANKING SYSTEM
A market economy banking system has been created since independence and is an essential part of a uniform financial system in Uzbekistan. The two-level banking system includes the central bank and 38 commercial bank with more than six thousand branches. Tha National Bank of Uzbekistan (NBU) and Narodny Bank (the people bank) are state owned, there are 16 joint-stock banks, 14 private banks and six foreign capital banks. The presence of the six foreign capital banks helps stimulates development of comopetition in the financial market. The number of private banks and the specific weight of their capital in the cumulative banking capital of the country are continuously growing. At the same time, the country`s banks are included in the category of the more capitalized and stable banks among the CIS countries. The NBU and Asaka Bank are among the 1,000 leading banks of the world. The cumulative assets of Uzbek commercial banks compose more than 70 percent of the country`s GDP.
Uzbek bank are directing 74 percent of their resources to long-term, investment projects in the primary sector of the national economy and the total volume of credit resources of commercial banks makes 43 percent of the country`s volume of GDP.
GREAT BRITAIN
The full name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom is situated on the British Isles. The British isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and a great number of small islands. Their total area is over 314 sq.km. The British isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Iris Sea.
Northern Ireland occupies one third of the island of Ireland. It borders on the Irish Republic in the south. The island of Great Britain consists of three main parts: England (the southern and middle part of the island), Wales (a mountainous peninsula in the West) and Scotland (the Northern part of the island).
There are no high mountains in Great Britain. In the north the cheviots separate England from Scotland, the Penines stretch down North England along its middle, the Cambrian Mountains occupy the greater part of Wales and the Highlands of Scotland are the tallest of the British mountains. There is very little flat country except in the region known as East Anglia.
Most of the rivers flow into the North Sea. The Thames is the deepest and the longest of the British rivers. Some of the British greatest ports are situated in the estruaries of the Thames, Mersey, Trent, Clyde and Bristol Avon.
Great Britain is not very rich in mineral resources; it has some deposits of coal and iron are and vast deposits of oil and gas that discovered in the North Sea.
The warm currents of the Atlantic Ocean influence the climate of Great Britain. Winters are not severely cold and summer are rarely hot.
The population of the United Kingdom is over 58 million people. The main nationalities are: English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish. In Great Britain there are a lot of immigrants from former British Asian and African colonies.
Great Britain is highly industrialized country. New industries have been developed in the last three decaders. The main industrial centres are London Birmingham Manchester, leeds, Liverpool, Glasgow and Bristol. The capital of the country is London. The United Kingdom is a parliamentary monarchy.
ENGLAND
England is the largest and the richest country of Great Britain. The capital of England is London but there are other large industrial cities, such as Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester and other famous and interesting cities such as York, Chester, Oxford and Cambridge.
Stonehenge is one of the famous prehistoric places in the world. This ancient circle of stones stands in Southwest England. It measures 80 metres across and made with massive blocks of stone up to four metres high. Why it was built is a mystery.
Not far from Stonehenge stands Salisburry Cathedral. It is a splendid example of an English Gothic cathedral, inside there is one of four copies of Magna Charta and the oldest clock in England.
Chester is very important town in the north-west of England. In the past it used to be a Roman fort; its name comes from the Latin words castra, meaning “fortified camp”. In Chester yjere is a famous museum which contains over 5000 ancient and modern toys.
Oxford is the home of the oldest university of England. The most famous college is Christ Church. It has a great hall which was built during the reign of HenryVIII and its chapel has become the Cathedral of Oxford. Cambridge is home of Britain`s second oldest university. York was the capital of Northern England. It is one of the best preserved medieval cities of Europe. It was built by Romans, conquered by Angla Saxons and ruled by the Vikings.
Birmingham is often called the “City of 1,500 traders” because of the great variety of its industries.
SCOTLAND
Scotland is the north part of Great Britain. Five million people live in Scotland. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. There are two large cities here: Glasgow and Aberdeen. Scotland is full of mountains and lakes. The highest mountain is Ben Nevis. There are a lot of rivers. The sea nearly cuts the mountain into parts.
The Scottish flag is a white cross on a blue blackground. The cross is the cross of Saint Andrew. Saint Andrew was a disciple of Jesus.
A long time ago the Scots built many large churches beside the river. These churches were called Abbeys. The Scots built Melrose Abbey in 1136 but the English destroyed it in 1544 in the days of the Abbeys the kills and farms were full of sheep and they still are.
Some people go to Scotland by plane. Some people go there by ship. There are trains and buses to Glasgow and Edinburgh from London every day.
Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland and the third largest in the United Kindom. Before 1750 Glasgow was a small town. It had a cathedral and a university but it was not a rich town. After 1707 Scottish ships could go to the English colonies in America. Ships brought tobacco to Glasgow and took back Scottish goods. In 1776, the American colonies became independent and the tobacco trade stopped. Heavy industry began to develop. It used coal and iron from the clyde valley. Glasgow became rich but very dirty.
Glasgow is famous for football teams: Rangers and Celtic. Most people in Glasgow are fans of one pf teams. Whent they play against each other, thousands of fans go to watch. Rangers and Celtic have won more football competitions in Scotland than all of the other Scottish teams. Glasgow has a busy cultural life. A lot of musicians, actors and singers come to Glasgow to give concerts. In the evenings the opera house, the cinemas and the concert halls are full. In cafes and pubs small group sing, act, read polietry.
Fast facts about Scotland. While Scotland is part of the United Kingdom, it has some things that set it apart from the rest of the union. Here are some fast facts about Scotland that might help you win a trivia contest or two at your local pub,
“UNWRITTEN RULES” OF GREAT BRITAIN
Good and bad manners make up the social rules of a country. They are not always easy to learn because they are often not written down in books. For example, British women didn`t go into pubs at the beginning of this century because it was not considered respectable behaviour for a woman. Now both women and men drink freely in pubs and women are fully integrated into public life. Visitors to Britain are often surprised by the strange behaviour of the inhabitants. Ona of the worst mistakes is to get on a bus without waiting your turn in the queue. The other people in the queue will probably complain loudly! Queuing is a national habit and it is considered polite or good manners to wait for your turn.
In some countries it is considered bad manners to eat in the street, whereas in Britain it is common to see people having a snack whilst walking down the road, especially at lunchtime. Britans may be surprised to see young children in restaurants in the evening because children are not usually taken out to restaurants late at night. And if they make a noise in public or in a restaurant it is considered very rude. In recent years children are playing a more active role and they are now accepted in many pubs and sertaurants.
In recent years smoking has received a lot of bad publicity and fewer British people now smoke. Many companies have banned smoking from their offices and canteens. Smoking is now banned on the London Underground, in cinemas and theatres and most buses. It`s becoming less acceptable to smoke in a public place. It is considered rude or bad manners to smoke in someone`s house without permission.
Social rules are an important part of our culture as they passed down through history. They British have an expression for following these “unwritten rules”, “when in Rome, do as the Romans do”.
THE MOST ANCIENT EVERLASTING
HOLIDAY
Navruz is an eastern New Year, indeed, our most ancient holiday taking roots deed into the heart ofages to the epoch of the creatin of the unique monument of our culture “Avesta”.
This holiday which has a history of the year more than three thousand is one of the dearest and most favourite ano for us it personifies the spring awakening of nature spiritual bloom and bright hopes; it was and is on inalienable part of our national self-knowledge and brings joy to every family, every home.
In the bright days of Navruz noble traditions are vividly shown; They are the essence of this holiday, its everlasting value we all try to express our love and respect to worder close people; show mercy to the needy; disinterested help, visiting lonely, disabled and orphans; to deserve blessing of our honorable fathers and mothers.
Navruz coinciding with the spring equinox from ancient times was considered to be the time of lying of the future harvest.
Fallowing lasting many centures traditions, farmers with kind intertions start their work to get a rich harvest, provide with a sufficiency and abundance on our tables.
It is considered that the deeds done during the thirteen days after the holiday will accompany man the whole year.
For this reason, in the time of Navruz, it is accepted not to quarrel with any body, to forgive one another debts, forget about hostility and offense, help the needy.
So all the intentions and aspirations are turned by people to help close people, charity and mercy, and it is answering announced in Uzbekistan “the year of development and of villages”.
Putting into operation new projects, planting gardens, accomplishing our towns and gardens, we demonstrate a resolute step of Uzbekistan on the way of democratic reforms.
The sprit of the holiday is shown in striving of multinational people of the country to live in piece, preserve the traditions of friendship and fraternity among nations Navruz draws us closer for ages.
NAVRUZ MEANS “THE NEW DAY”
As you noticed from the title of the text the word “Navruz” is of Persian-Tajik origin which may be translated word by word into uzbek as “yangi” (nav) and “kun” (ruz), into English “the new day”. That is the first day of a new year, which comes on the 21 st of march every year.
Navruz is a popular holiday in the history of the central asian and near East centuries.
It was celebrated, as historians write, long before islam. It was and remains one of the major traditional secular holidays of our people.
The greatest scientist Abu Raihon Beruniy left much useful information about Navruz in his works “Kitob at Tavhim” (Explanation) and “Relics of ancient Peoples” (Qadimgi xalqlardan qolgan yodgorliklar).
We also find several texts of folk songs devoted to navruz in the “Devoni Lug`atit - turk” by Mahmud Koshgariy. Umar Hayyom the greatest scientist and poet gave the most important information on Navruz in his book “Navruznoma”.
Another greatest Persion poet Abulkosim Firdavsiy connected Navruz with the name of a legendary (shoh) king Jamshid.
While celebrating navruz usually tidy their houses up, make decorations with different flowers and green glass. They also go to see their parents, relatives, neighbours and close friends. People visit the graves of the dead (but uzbek don`t place flowers there, there is on such custom among them).
One of the widely known traditions at Navruz is making seven dishes the names of which begin with the sound called in persian “Haftsin” (seven “S” es). So people make “Somsa” (a king of pie with green and meat), “Sumalak” (a hughcalorie stew of germinated wheat), and so on.
On the eve of Navruz everywhere people organize “Hashar” (voluntary, unpaid work performed collectively).
Navruz is also a holiday of mercy and absolution. On this day people forgive one another their old effences and visit lonely and disable people trying to do whatever they can for those who need their care.
It is not only the new year`s day but also the day of beginning farming all over the country.
At Navruz people great each other “Navro`zi olam muborak!” Great you with navruz of the world.
LONDON TRAFFIC
London is so large that visitors must learn to usu buses and the underground to get about. London taxis are too expansive for any but the rich. You can get a map of the underground and the bus routes at any ticket office. The word “Underground” across a large circle shows you where the stations are. The London underground is called the “tube”.
Bus stops are market clearly. In the suburbs buses do not stop unless there are passengers who wish to get on or off. These stops are market “Request Steps”.
Inside some buses you will see the notice: “Please, state your destination clearly and have the exact fare ready”. It is easy enough to tell the conduction where you want to go to, but not always possible to have the exact fare. The conduction will always give you the change.
The London buses are very large. They have seats both upstairs and downtairs. English children like to sit on the front seats of a big London bus. They can see everything that is happening in the streets.
Here are some of the things you may hear on a bus in London: “Fares, please”.
“Four pence, please”.
“Full up inside; plenty of seats on top”.
“Standing room only”.
“No, sir, this bus does not go to Victoria Station”.
“You want a number 11”.
“No more seats on top; five seats inside”.
In Great Britain traffic keeps to the left. Motor-cars, buses and cyclists must all keep to the left side of the road. In most other countries traffic keeps to the roght. There is heavy treaffic in London and you must observe traffic rules.
TEA IS THE MOST POPULAR DRINK
IN BRITAIN
Everyone knows tea is the most popular drink in Britain. It`s even more popular than coffee, which is favoured throughout Europe and America. The Dutch brought the first tea to Europe in 1610. But it was on until 1658 that the first advertisement for tea appeared in a London newspaper. At that time a pound of the cheapest the cost about one-third of a skilled worker`s weekly wages. Tea was guarded by the lady of the house and kept in special containers, often with a lock and carefully doled out by the teaspoon. By 1750 tea had become the principle drink of all the classes in Britain. Later, tea drinking developed into a fashionable social ritual. Tea parties were, popular at home and soon the ritual of “afternoon tea” was firmly established.
Nowadays, throughout the homes, tea shops and hotels of Britain, the custom of tea-time continues. Tea in Britain is brewed in a teapot. Then the one spoonful of tea per person and one for the pot is added. Most people in Britain prefer a rich, strong cup of tea with milk, and sugar is sometimes added to taste.
PUBS IN GREAT BRITAIN
Pubs can be found in every town or village. Social life for many people has centred on the pub for many years. Opening and closing times are decided by law. Pubs in England and Wales close at 11 p.m. And ten minutes before closing time, the barman shouts, “Last orders!”. When you go into a pub you have to go to the bar, pay for your drink and carry it to your seat. One of the main attractions of the pub for all regular pub goes is that it offers good company in friendly surroundings. Where else can you appear as a complete stranger and at once be able to join a conversation with a group of people?
People often meet at a pub before going on to another place. Some people do a tour of all the pubs in one area and have a drink in each one. It`s usual for each person in a group to take it in turns to buy drinks for everyone and this is called a “round”.
Pub meals have become very popular over the past ten years and are generally cheap and often good. Pubs with gardens or chairs and tables outside are often crowded in the summer. Pubs also provide entertainment: live music, singing, video and karaoke machines.
Pubs are still a central part of British culture. Good conversation and good beer are two essential items provided by them. The drinking beer in a public house is not compulsory. But it`s said that beer is the perfect drink for the pub – it comes in large measures so that just one drink provides plenty of conversation time.
SAN FRANCISCO
San Francisco is a special place, very different from most American ciries. It lies on a small finger of land with the Pacific Ocean on one side and a huge harbour on the other. San Francisco`s population is only about 700 000 but it is the biggest business centre in the west of the USA. It is also America`s most international city with newspapers in thirty different languages. The city is known as “the Paris of the West”.
Most people enjoy the climate in San Francisco. It`s never too hot and never really cold. The sea winds are healthy and they make you hungry. And it`s good to be hungry in San Francisco because the food if fabulous with more than 2600 restaurants serving food from all over the world. There are at least three small cities in San Francisco: “Little Italy”, with its pizzerias and restaurants, “Chinatown” with wonderful shops and exciting food and “Japantown”. And everywhere you go you will see boats out on the sea, smell fresh and salt and feel the sea wind on your face.
If you live in San Francisco you get plenty of exercise, because it`s a city of hills. Perhaps that`s why the famous cablecars are so popular. And of course the views from the hills are spectacular.
TIPS FOR SUCCESFUL SPEECH PRESENTING
In this article, I would like to share some useful advice about how to present your speech effectively. You will not be surprised to learn that one of your assignments is to give a speech. It is naturally if you ask yourself, “What I am going to do? I`m supposed to stand in front of the whole class and give a speech.” I don`t know much about public speaking.
Most of beginning speech students have a similar reaction because it seems and sounds a lot harder than it is. I hope this article will help you get started on preparing and delivering your speech successfully. Usually, a brief simple presentation is often called icebreaker speech because it is designed to “break the ice” by getting students up in front of the class as soon as possible. This is very important step because much of anxiety associated with public speaking comes from a lack of experience giving speeches or delivering presentations. Once you have experienced this anxiety you may be sure you have taken the first step on the road of developing your confidence, speaking habits, manners, etc.
One of the simplest possible assignments is self-introduction that provides the audience, group mates, classmates with the essential information about the speaker`s background, personality, beliefs, goals, interests, etc. In other cases, students can be asked to introduce a group mate, classmate rather than themselves. No matter which speech you are assigned, be sure to focus your presentation sharply, so it conforms to the assigned time limit. I have to stress that one of the most common mistakes students make on their first speech when they try to cover too much material. Don`t forget to select a limited number of points and demonsrate them clearly.
You may ask, “How can I tell the audience everything about my life in two – or three-minute speech?” A better approach would be to focus on one or two major events that have helped define who you are – passing your entrance exam, practicing your English with a foreigner, getting your first job, and yhe like. This allows you to make a few – developed points about a clearly defined subject. On the other hand, avoid the temptation to narrow the focus of your topic too much.
Once you have selected a topic of your speech, try to be creative in developing it. Think about the ways to make it mysterious or exciting. These key words will help you to hold your classmates on the edges of their sits as they listen. It is naturally that the audience is always interested in dangerous situations, adventure, and drama. Try to find the situations you have faced a risk, done something unusual and share such fascinating experiences in your speech.