Tashkent i

TASHKENT

Tashkent is the capital of the independent Republic of Uzbekistan. It is a very old city. It was founded more than 2000 years ago. The city is located at the foothills of the Tian Shan mountain range and lies in the Chirchick river valley. The population of the city has already grown to more than 2 million people.

There are several Muslim monuments and historical buildings such as the Kokaldosh madrasah and the Barkkhan mosque which were built in the 16^th century.

Tashkent, which has new avenues, squares, high buildings and fountains, has become the most modern city in Uzbekistan. The city is flourishing as never before. The transport facilities are good. There are buses, trolleybuses, trams, taxis and subway with many beautiful metro stations decorated with traditional Uzbek art.

Tashkent is the educational and scientific centre of Uzbekistan, where there are a lot of universities, schools and special secondary schools. The city has the republic`s academy of sciences, which unites dozens of research institutes. It is also a cultural centre with many libraries, theatres and cinemas. Tashkent`s industrial establishments, which produce cotton fabric, textile machinery, electrical equipment, cotton harvesters and other products, are well known not only in the CIS but in the world.

Tashkent is often called a city of peace and friendship. Resently Tashkent became well-known in the world as the capital of our new sovereign, independent state. A number of summit talks have been held in Tashkent. A lot of embasses and offices of many international organizations, companies and firms have opened in the city. It has become a tradition to hold film festivals of Asian, African and Latin American cinema in Tashkent.

TAX SYSTEM OF GERMANY

In connection with advertising business of immigration in Germany in our Company the questions on system of the taxation in Germany act which is very complex, as totals about 45 various kinds of the tax. To understand all it is complex, and it is not necessary, for example to them to know, that there is a tax to the owners of dogs. It is important to understand, how the basic taxes in Germany, namely surtax for the physical persons, the from corporations and tax to added cost (VAT) for the legal persons pay off.

Does not cause doubts, that Germany – country with the high taxes, but is the richest coutry of Europe, and also most powerful economy among the countries EU. The Deutsche Banks have faultless reputation and high rating of reliability. And for payment of these taxes Germany gives the tax bearers and inhabitants of the country the large boons and reliable social guarantees. It is not game in football in one gate, and system, well balanced and organized in practice, of interaction of the state and his residents.

The taxes in Germany provide about 80% of the budget incomes, therefore they are considered by government as the main means of influence of the state for development of economy. In Russia, though the tax rates are lower, also about 80% of the budget incomes provide the taxes, but that the tax bearers in exchange from the state receive, we know not by hearsay. And the parameter it is growing interest of the business people of Russia to business of immigration in the countries of Europe, in particular to business of immigration in Germany.

In Germany is applied both vertical, and horizontal alignment of the incomes. of ground (Bavaria, Northern Rhine) list a part of the financial resources to less advanced grounds. It was by a result of long-term development of tax system of Germany.

The basic principles of the taxation in Germany has put in pawn L.Erxard. Briefly essence of his approach is those: the taxes should be whenever possible minimal; at the taxation of this or that object it should be taken into account an economic feasibility of collection of the tax; the taxes should not interfere with  a competition; the taxes should correspond to structural policy. The system of the taxation should be under construction on respect of private life of the tax bearer, observance of a trade secret; in system the double taxation should be excluded; the taxes should provide fair distribution of the incomes in a society; the size of the taxes should be according to the size rendered by the state of services.

Briefly we shall consider three basic kinds of the tax:

1. Surtax from the physical persons. This tax is the basic source of the public revenues. Object of the taxation on it is the income of the physical persons received by them from different sources. As against Russia the surtax in Germany is progressive. His minimal rate – 19%, maximal – 53 %. The maximal rate of the tax is applied to the citizens, whose income exceeds of 120 thousand marks. In present time the tax-free minimum for surtax makes per one year 5616 Yevro for lonely and 11232 Yevro for family pairs.

For example, at the persons, which have reached age 64 years the to Yevro x-free minimum raises up to 3700. At Yevro the persons, which have the ground area, the surtax is not raised with 4750 Yevro.

2. The tax from corporations is paid by the legal persons. Object of the taxation is the profit received by the above-stated tax bearers within calendar year. The base rate of the tax from corporations makes 30%. In the event that the profit of corporations is not distributed, the rate in 45 % is used. Thus, the distribution is stimulated arrived of corporations.

3. Tax to cost (VAT). This tax has replaced the earlier existing tax from a revolution. The densities of the VAT in the incomes of the budget of the country makes 28%. As well as in Russia the rate. The general rate makes 15%, but number of articles of food production 7% are taxed under the minimal rate. Object y this tax is the revolution, that is delivery of the goods, rendering of services, import of the goods and his purchase. Practically is a general excise concerning private and public consumption. As well as any other indirect tax, it by burden on the consumer, and the legal persons are his technical collectors. The tax is included in the price of the goods with the obligatory separate instruction of his sum in the accounts.

 

MY FAMILY

My name is Aziz Rashidov. I have a big family- a mother, a father, two sisters and a grandmother. My mother is an engineer at a big plant. She likes her work very much. The plant is not far from our house.

My father is a teacher. He works at the Tashkent Polytechnical Institute. He is a professor and is the outhor of several books. Sometimes he takes part in international conferences and visitis foreign countries. He has visited the USA, France, England and many other countries. He speaks Enlish, German and French.

My sisters are schoolgirls. They do well and get only good and excellent marks at school. My younger sister likes mathematics, she solves problems from math`s in her free time. My elder sister likes foreign languages. She can speak English and Turkish fluently. My grandmother is 78 years old. She was a teacher. Now she is retired. She likes reading books. Our family likes English, and sometimes we speak English at home. 

TRAVELLING

Modern like is impossible without traveling. Thousands of people travel every day either on business or for pleasure. They can travel by air, by rail, by sea or by car.

Traveling by air is fastest and the most convenient way, but it is the most expensive too. Traveling by train is slower than by plane, but it has its advantages. You can see more interesting places of the country when you are traveling through it. Modern trains have very comfortable seats. There are also sleeping cars and dining cars which make even the longest journey enjoyable.

Traveling by sea is popular mostly for pleasure trips. On board of large ships and small river boats people can visit foreign countries and different places of interest within their own country. On board of large ships there are facilities to help you enjoy trip. There are tennis and badminton courts, swimming pools, cinemas and dance halls. It`s a pleasant way to spend a holiday.

As for me, I prefer traveling by car. I think it is very convenient. You need`t book any tickets in advance. You can stop wherever you wish and spend as much time as you like.

MY DAY OFF

Every day I get up at 7 o`clock. Usually I do morning exercises. After that I wash my hands, face and brush my teeth. Then I put on my uniform and comb my hair. Having breakfast, I go to school at 7:40. My lessons start at 8 a.m. After classes I usually walk home. I like to walk after a busy day at the school. I have a lunch at home with my sister. After eating I have a short rest. Then I help my mother prepare supper. We have supper at 8 p.m. Supper is a very pleasant time for me because the whole family is around the table and we have interesting talks about different things. We talk about me and my sister`s studies at the lyceum.

After supper I do my homework. I read and translate texts, write exercise, memorize new words and so on. It takes me two hours to prepare my lessons. Sometimes, if I have free time, I watch TV. I usually put my alarm-clock at 7 a.m. and go to bed at 11 o`clock.

PRESERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

The 20 th century is a century of great achievements in all fields. But at present there are many problems that must be solved. One of them is protection of the environment. Many countries all over the world face this problem.

The protection of the environment is an international problem. Scientists and people all over the world must preserve the earth for future generations.

People need the environment more than they often know. They need trees and plants to provide the oxygen that humans need to breathe. They need clean water to drink and to grow the food they eat. They need clean lend without chemicals and trash so that their food will be safe to eat. Whatever we put into our environment, into the air, into the water or into the ground, changes how safe that air, water or ground will be for humans to use later. The land, the water and the air belong to everyone, so it is important that everyone treat the environment well, because even one bad person can effect the health of everyone everywhere.

We must preserve Earth for future generations. We must remember that the power of man to conquer nature is unlimited indeed. We must preserve our environment because it is nature that provides us with everything we need for our existence.

SPORT

Sport is probably as old as the humanity itself. It has been developing with the developing and growth of the mankind. All over the world people of different ages are very fond of sports and games. Sport not only helps people to become strong and to develop physically but also makes them more organized and better disciplined in their daily activities. It makes for a healthy mind in a healthy body.

We all need to exercise. Even if you don`t plan to make a career in sport you still have to practice Regular exercises give you still have to practice. Regular exercises give you more energy. That is why many people who suffer from general tiredness should take more exercise than more rest. Exercise makes you feel and look better. The best exercise is one  which involves in repeated movements, those are: walking, jogging and swimming. Bending and stetching will add flexibility and feeling of lightness.

Among the sport popular in our country are football, basketball, swimming, volleyball, ice hockey, tennis, gymnastics, figure skating. A person can choose sports and games for any season, for any taste.

MY FUTURE PROFESSION

Finishing school is the beginning of the independent life for millions of school leavers. Many roads are opened before them: vocational and technical schools, institutes and universities. But it is not an easy thing to choose a profession out of more than 2000 existing in the world. Some pupils follow the advice of their parents, others can`t decide even after leaving school. As for me, I made my choise long ago. I want to become a teacher of the English language and literature. My choice of this occupation didn`t come as a sudden flash. During all school years literature was any favourite subject. I`ve read a lot of books by English and other foreign writers.

I understand that reading books helps people in self-education and in solving different life problems. I would like to teach my pupils to enjoy reading, to encourage them to learn our national language and literature, which is the source on national culture.

It is known that teaching is a very specifik and difficult job. It shouldn`t be taken easily. The teacher is a person who is learning as well as teaching all his life. Teachers do not only teach their subjects. They develop their pupil`s intellect, form their views and characters, their attitudes to life and to other people. It`s a great responsibility and the teacher must be a model of competence himself.

MY ROOM

We live in three-room flat.

The room I like best in our flat is mine. I use my room as a study and a bedroom. It is very nice and cosy. There isn`t much furniture in it, only the most necessary pieces. The built in furniture doesn`t take much space in the room.

On the left there is my bed and desk. The desk has a lot of drawers where I keep my text-books, notes, pens, pencils and other necessary things. On the right there is a sofa and a built-in wandrobe. In the right corner there is a comfortable arm-chair. Beside it stands a lamp with blue shade. I like to turn on the lamp, sit in the armchair and read an interesting book. There are some shelves with books in my room. You can see Uzbek and English books there.

There is a big thick carpet on the floor. There are some posters with my favourite singers on the wall.

I like my room very much. When my friends come to visit me, I invite them into my room.

My room is a nice place for both rest and work.

THE HOUSEHOLD DUTIES

This is my last year at school, and I work hard to pass my final exams successfully. As I am every busy, I can`t help my parents much in keeping the house. But still I have some household duties.

Every day I do my room and my bed, wash up dishes, dust the furniture and usually go to the baker`s after I have dinner. I buy some brown and white bread, biscuits and cakes there. The shop is not far from our house and it doesn`t take me long to do everyday shopping. Once a week I help my mother to do all other work about the house. We wash our linen, iron and mend it, clean the flat. We beat the dust out of the carpets, vacuum the floors and polish them. It`s not difficult to keep the flat tidy if you do your rooms regularly. This is my usual roud duties.

But sometimes I have some other things to do. When my mother is ill or away from home, I do the cooking and the washing-up, the buying of food and the planning of meals. I am not a good cook, but my vegetable soup is always tasty. I can also boil an egg or fly some meat. I also lay the table and clear away the dishes. If  I`m  too busy or can`t do these things, all the duties are organized among other members of our family.

Sometimes I have to visit everyday services: hairdresser`s, shoemaker`s, tailor`s, dry-cleaner`s, photographer`s. At the hairdresser`s I have my hair cut and waved. At the shoemaker`s I have my shoes and boots repaired, at the photographer`s I have my photos taken. Service is generally good, but in some cases it leaves much to be desired.

MY FLAT

We have a nice flat in a new black of flats. Our flat is on the forth floor. It has all modern conveniences: central heating, gas, electricity, cold and hot water, a lif and a chute to carry rubbish down.

There are three rooms, a kitchen, a bathroom and a hall in our flat. The living-room is the largest and most comfortable room in the flat. In the middle of the room we have a square-table with six chairs round it. To the right of the dinner table there is a wall-unit. At the opposite wall there is a piano and a stool before it. Between the two large windows there is a little table with a colour TV set on it. Near the TV set there are two cosy armchairs.

The bedroom is smaller than the living-room and not so light as there is only one window in it. In this room there are two beds with a bedside-table between them. An alarm-clock and a small lamp with a pink lamp-shade are on the table. In the left-hand corner there is a dressing-table with a big mirror. In this room we have a built-in wardrobe with coat-hangers to hang clothes on.

The third room is my study. It is not large but very cosy. There isn`t much furniture in it, only the most necessary. It has a writing – table and a armchair before it. In the right-hand corner there is a bookcase full of books, maganizes and newspapers. A small table with a radio is standing in the left-hand corner. Near it there is a sofa with some cushions. In my opinion, the study is the best room in our flat.

SHOPS AND SHOPPING

The face of the towns and villages in Uzbekistan is changing. We see new houses, schools, cinemas and shops in every town. Shops are very important in our life. There are different kinds of shops. Some of them sell bread. Others have a tea, sugar, coffee, butter, cheese, sousages, meat of fruit. When we want to buy something we take our shopping basket and go to a shop. There we talk with shopkeepers who sell things. Many people do their shopping at the market. There farmers sell vegetables and fruit they grow themselves. They sell meat, milk and other things to.

Big shops with many departments are called stores. It stores we can buy almost anything we like. In the windows we see all the things that they sell-food, suits, dresses, coats, shoes, radios, TV sets and many other things.

When we want to buy clothes we go to a department store. This is a big store with many departments where clothes, textiles, linens, and jewellery are sold.

THE TOWN OF MY DREAM

Peking is the capital of the People`s Republic of China. In spreats across a vast area. Part of its border is formed by the Great wall of China, a huge wall which sretches along the mountains. It is the ancient seat of government and a modern industrial and commercial city. The population of Peking is about 10 millions people and is still growing, although it is only the second largest city in China.

In 1421 Peking become the imperial capital of the Ming dunasty (1368-1644) and it was during this time that the specious walled city was built. Like many ancient Chinese cities, the walls and streets were based  on the points of the compase. Peking has remained the capital of China since than. With its modern international airport, it is not surprising that Peking has become a popular tourist destination. Peking`s broad straight streets are crowded with people, bicycles and buses. Very few people own a car. Industries include textiles, steel and engineering. It is also a city of great cultural importance. There are  more than fifty institutes of higher education, including Peking University. It has a famous opera, a ballet and some outstanding museums – The museum of Chinese History and Gugun Museum. Among the many historical and cultural landmarks in Peking is Square, one of the largest public squares in the world. It is used for political rallies and military parades.

Fashion in the USA and Britain

Many British people don`t think about clothes very much. In Britain, as well as in the USA, men in the offices usually wear suits and ties and women wear dresses or skirts (not trousers). Doctors, lawyers and business people wear quite formal clothes.

And in some hotels and restaurants men have to wear ties and women wear smart dresses. Jeans and open skirts are sometimes not allowed. It is difficult to say exactly what people wear in Britain and the States because everyone is different. If you are not sure what to wear whatch what other people do and then do the same. Or ask the advice of a friend or your host. You`ll feel relaxed if you don`t look too dofferent from everyone else.

British people just like to be comfortable. When they go out to enjoy themselves, they can wear almost everything. At theatres, cinemas and concerts you can put on what you like – from elegant suits and dresses to jeans and sweaters. In many ways, Americans are more relaxed than British people, but they are more careful with their clothes. At home or on holiday most Americans wear informal or sporty clothes. But when they go out in the evening, they like to look elegant. In good hotels and restaurants men have to wear jackets and ties and women wear pretty clothes and smart hairstyles. But these days most people in Britain and in the USA do not wear very formal clothes. But sometimes it is important to wear the right thing.

BIORHYTHMS

At the beginning of this century medical scientists made a surprising discovery: that we are built not just of flesh and blood but also of time. They were able to demonstrate that we all have an internal “body clock” which regulates the rise and fall of our body energies, making us different from one day to the next. The idea of an internal “body clock” should not be surprising, since the lives of most living thins are dominated by the 24-hour night-and-day cycle. The most obvious feature of this cycle is the way we feel tired and fall asleep at night and become awake during the day. If the 24-hour rhythm is interrupted, most people experience unpleasant side effects. As well as the daily rhythm of sleeping and waking we also have other rhythms which last longer than one day and which influence wide areas of our lives.

Most of us would agree that we feel good on some days and not so good on others. Scientists have identified the following three biorhythmis cycles: physical, emotional and intellectual. Each cycle lasts approximately 28 days and each is divided into a high energy period and a low energy period of equal length. During the law energy period we are less resistant to illness and tire more easily. The low perion puts energy into our “batteries” for the next high period. During the high energy period of a physical biorhythm we are more resistant to illness, better coordinated and more energetic. The “critical” or weakest time is the time of changeover from the high energy period to the low energy period, or vise versa. This “critical” time usually lasts a day. On the critical day of a physical biorhythm, there is a greater change of accident and illness.

MASS MEDIA

Mass media are one of the most characteristic features of modern civilization. People are united into one global community with the help of mass media. People can learn about what is happening in the world very fast using mass media. The mass media include newspapers, magazines, radio and television. The earliest kind of mass media was newspaper. The first newspaper was Roman handwritten newssheet “Acta Diurna” started in 59 B.C. Magazines appeared in 1700 s. They developed from newspapers and bookseller`s  catalogs. Radio and TV appeared only in the last century.