Semantic of computers

     Plan. 

1. Introduction

 

2. Main part

 

II.I     Semantic description of computer terms 

II.II.   Sublanguage of computer terms  

II.III. Formation of computer terms by metaphorical transference 

II.IV. Translation of terms  

3. Conclusion

 

4. References

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Introduction  

     Semantic apparatus: Semantic analyses of computer terms: In connection of development of techniques and science the control system changes. So the maintenance of professionals is become new and needs new objectives, new opinions and new possibilities. One of the main problems in development of our society is introduction of technologies in educational progress in an educational system at school. Because of that new technologies such as teaching trough syllabus, information, managing teaching, developing, problem teaching, module, teaching through signals (trek) according to Shatolov, game, self – development teaching technologies are formed and take root at school. To get good results it’s necessary to use methods like role play, the grammar – translation, the direct approach, community language learning, the audio – lingual method, functional – national approach, total physical response methods with technologies.

      Connection of man with computer, constant “communication” with him lead to formation of computer – systems as a “man – machine”, determining the character of such communication all information embedded in the computer has special coded special feature. Codes are based on different principles, but abbreviations, digital and literal symbols have also been a part of them. Examples of special computer languages are BASIC, ALGOL, FORTRAN, BAWK, BETA, BABEL, BEFUNGE, and etc.

      Actuality of researching: Semantic analyses of computer terms: The intensification of educational process puts problem of searching of means of maintenance pupils` interest to a studied material and activization of their activity throughout all employment. An effective remedy of this problem is new innovative pedagogical technologies. One of the most important problems of using new innovative pedagogical technologies is to select right kind of technologies according their level and psychological peculiarities. In pedagogical progress the new innovative pedagogical technologies means introduction something new into the methods, types, objectives  and the maintenance in training and in organization of the collective activity of the teacher and pupils.

      It is well known that each form of public consciousness coincide with its own specific form of reflection – scientific notion, artistic image. Typical features of scientific thanking are strict nations, generalization and abstract conception, consistency of logic, but means of expression and consolidation in some sciences are particular. Here, new language has appeared “language of symbols and formulas”. In its turn, it is reflected upon forming of specific lexical, stylistic and semantic means inherent in linguistic expression of ideas and nations of the given sphere of science. That is how special system of methods and means is shaped in the language of science and technology.    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

2.1 Semantic description of computer terms 

      To start the semantic analysis of Internet and computer terms lets chart some central themes in the expansion of scientific study of meaning including their histories and their important figures.

      The scientific study of meaning in language has expanded in the last 100 years and continues to expand steadily. Meaning is a broad term that can encompass any aspect  of the potential for cognitive or emotive aspects are the center of focus.

      There had been attempts to give definition to word meaning in accordance with the main principles of different linguistic schools. Traditional linguistic theory presupposed that proper language has an intended meaning and that the recipient has only to understand that meaning by means of interpretation to make communication work and speech understandable.  This concept assumes that the purpose of language is communication. In that case language is only a kind of code system, a carrier of information, which is capable of transmitting any intended meaning whatsoever. And this concept seems to work quite well as regards words. For instance, we are sure that we known what is meaning by words DELETE, PAGE, and NEWS. This is studied by morphology and lexicography which are branches of semantics.

      Spoken language uses the phonological sign system; written or printed language consists of letters taken from the alphabetic sign system. Semiotics, then, examines the nature of these sign and the way in which they work. Recent studies by Derrida have shown that primarily signs do not refer to objects (or concepts for than matter) in the real word, but to each other.

      Moreover, the linguistic sign system like any code to which public has access is a social system. Society and its language use has considerable influence on the system itself, for example creation of new words like:

      Cursor – A point of attention on the computer screen, often marked with a flashing line or block. Text typed into the computer will usually appear at the cursor.

      Internet – The Internet is the world – wide network of computers. There is only one Internet, and thus it is typically capitalized (although it is sometimes referred to as “the net”). It is different form an intranet.

      Laptop – A laptop is any computer designed to do pretty much anything a desktop system can do but run for a short time (usually two to five hours) on batteries. They are designed to be carried around but are not particularly convenient to carry around. They are significantly more expensive than desktop systems and have far worse battery life than PDAs. Calling a system a laptop implies nothing about its platform. By far the fastest laptops are the PowerPC based Macintoshes.

      Modem – A modem allows two computers to communicate over ordinary phone lines. It derives its name from modulate\ demodulate, the process by which it converts digital computer data back and forth for use with an analog phone line.

      Printer – A printer is a piece of hardware that will print computer information onto paper.

      Beta – A beta version of something is not yet ready for prime time but still possibly useful to related developers and other interested parties. Expect beta software to crash more than properly released software does. Traditionally beta version (of commercial software) are distributed only to selected testers who are often then given a discount on the proper version after its release in exchange for their testing work. Beta versions of non – commercial software are more often freely available to anyone who has an interest.

      Cognition of the processes of subject and phenomena development of the objective world, discovering its essential relations and objective laws is impossible to be carried out on the level of sensual way of thinking. It is necessary to bear in mind removal, imaginary distraction (abstraction) of these or those other numerous characteristics. Abstraction can be seen as a from of idealized object, conception of the type “Absolutely black body”, but hat reflect sings significantly deviated from real objects and do not exist in its pure forming nature. But formation of ideal notion reached by maximum, nut not by absolute abstraction from the characteristics of the real object it necessary for solving scientific tasks. Abstract notion can reflect essential sign of one phenomenon (“methodological objective laws”), general sign of many phenomena (“program”, “function”) and at last definite object or group of objects. And higher degree of abstraction, than stronger the gap between real and ideal.

      Any oral utterance is a combination of smaller units. A choice out of the possible different phonemes/letters is syntagmetically combined with other choice from that level and together they can form, for instance morphemes, which again may be syntagmatically combined with words, words then can form an utterance or sentence.

      Logically, the meaning of an utterance is the sum or the relation of the several semantic units. Obviously, meaning, as a communicative phenomenon cannot be divided into independent and single meaning units. And after all we have two poles between which structural organization works: the smallest units of signs (phonemes/letters) and their latest conceivable systematic arrangement. The meaning of a certain system is deliberate in the sense that cannot derive the meaning of a world from the meaning of its letters, since letters do not have any immediate meaning, apart from their differences between each other.

      Many words that we consider as sings for “real objects” are only the material expression of concepts, their points of condensation, which found respective discourse on those concepts. World like, “mailto”, “news”, “applet”, “cell spacing” and so on do not seem to have a counterpart in the real world. They are concepts in certain discourses. Discourses order builds up concepts in human understanding. Semantic should thoroughly observe the words that are used, their adequacy, and the concepts they involve. Analysis of concept change in history is an important strategy in semantic analysis.

      Semantic analysis aims at the building of an abstract theory of relationship between signs and their referents. Unlike linguistic semantics, which deals with real languages, pure semantics has its formalized language. For a long time it has been banned as idealistic and too abstract to be made use of pure linguistic. Recently, however, scientists show an absolutely different attitude and appear to be deeply interested in the possibilities offered by some mathematical, methods applied to linguistics, especially in the field of computer terms translation.

      Semantics is one of the youngest branches of linguistics, although the objects of its study have attracted the attention of philosophers and grammarians since the times of antiquity. We find the problems of word and its notion, notion relationship discussed in the works of Plato and Aristotle and the famous Indian grammarian Panini.

      For a very long period of time the study of meaning formed part of philosophy, logic, psychology, literary criticism and history of language in which fields semasiology is indiscriminate considered to be the synonym of the word semantic which came into its begin only in the 1830`s when a German scholar Karl Resisting suggested that the studies of meaning should be regarded as an independent branch of knowledge.

      The treatment of meaning throughout the 19 th century and in the first decade of the 20 the century was purely dichromatic. Attention was concentrated upon the process of semantic change and the part semiotic principles should play in etymology. Seismology was even defined at that time as a linguistic science dealing the 3 changes in world meaning, their causes and classification. Semantic changes were traced and described as isolated word units without taking into consideration the interrelation of structure exciting within each language. Consequently it was impossible for this approach to formulate any general tendencies peculiar to English language.

      The English scholars R. C. Trench and J. Murray have been firmly convinced that the complete meaning of a word is always contextual, and no study of meaning apart from a complete context can be taken seriously. So every meaning or shades of meaning were established only on the evidence of their occurrence in sentences found in sources that were considered reliable and representative enough.

      From that time on indications of semantic change were found by comparing the contexts of words in older written records and in contemporary usage and also by studying different meanings of cognate words in related languages. And we can come to conclusion that the old meaning whatsoever it was has changed in some or all of the languages.

      Semantic changes have been variously classified into such categories, like enlargement, narrowing, generalization, specialization, irradiation, and many others.

      This problem of classification upon which attention used to be centered has a long history, and there are a considerable number of books dealing with the subject.

      It seems significant and probably means that the machinery of semantic changes in different languages has much is common. If one is interested in bringing forth the individual peculiarities of every language, one has to look for a different kind of approaches.

      No satisfactory or universally accepted scheme has been ever suggested or found, and this line search to be abandoned.

      The semantic change is necessary not only because of interest in the various cases presented in them but also because of a through knowledge of these possibilities helps to understand the semantic structure of English word sat the present stage of their development. The development and change of the semantic structure of a term is always a source of qualitative and quantities development of any vocabulary.

      All the types discussed depend upon some comparison between the earlier (whether extinct or in still in use) and the new meaning of the given word, or partially, completely transferred or changed meaning of a particular word.

      So, in order to define a word meaning we have to give it a list of characteristics. And how we can single out the characteristics of the words? Semantics, in its broad since – analysis of relation between linguistic word and in itself, real or imagined, and this relation itself and combination of its relations. The given relation lies in that linguistic expressions denote everything that we have in the word, - subjects, qualities, relations, situations and their sequences. Term semantics if formed from the Greek stem connected with the idea of “sign”. Semantics as a linguistic branch deals with the questions how people are able to give the different kind of information about the world, bearing in mind the words, grammatical rules of some language, how one is able to understand any information concerning the world addressed to him even if he hears it for the first time.

      Semantic component has already been acknowledged as the essential part of the full description of the language. Different language theories contribute to the formation of general principles of semantic description. Meaning of word in the dictionary is described with help of vocabulary definition or interpretation that is the expression on the same language or on the specially elaborated artificial semantic language for the better understanding. Artificial language can be applied for defining the meaning of words as well as sentences.

      Representatives of semantic theory of language proceeded from the assumption that all semantic structures after all can be reduced to components represents the basic moments of cognitive and perceptible structure of the man. It is stated on this basis that semantic features are the same in different languages and probably are the part of general linguistic mans competence. That is why, M.Birvish wrote, that:  “which is studied in the process of language cognition, these are not semantic components, and their special combinations into the special notions, that are shaped as special phonetic form and morphological characteristics”. K.Nelson, referring to J.Benford, mentions four classes of notions and their explicit correlation with linguistic categories: 1) possible objects – nouns; 2) possible characteristics of the object – adjectives; 3) possible transformations of the objects – verbs; 4) possible characteristics of transformations – adverbs.

      Process of notion formation goes through the three stages: notions, combining the particular cases. This process is bipartite: first, classification as to any principle, and then identification of the general characteristics.

      Nomination of the notion depends on the existence of the notion itself, whereas existence of the notion not necessary leads to its nomination.

      Combination of several lexical units into the complex nomination occurs in the course of organized process of meaning generation, which is dialectically based on the unity of production and decoding. In the case of complex nomination this process is functionally stipulated by the discourse context and the situation and the basic task of it is to maximize informative volume of the complex unit not preserving meaning of the components, but reduction of complex syntactical structures to minimal units on the explicit level with contextually transparent and clear deep structure of unfolding.

      The possibility to unfold the structure is widely used in the cases when brevity expressiveness is the necessary attributes. Structural configuration in the form of key noun and pre – nominal can convey semantic relations between the proposition boundaries.

      At the same time loss of information till critical level does not occur when we will form complexes, because all information significant elements of the structure find explicit expression in the complex. And those omitted elements can be reproduced rather clearly and as to certain models.

      For example:

• Disable page fault – a page fault that occurs when external interruptions are disallowed by the processing unit;
• Editing statement – statement specified by editing;
• Electronic messaging – message created by electronic means;
• Initiator procedure – the procedure that controls an initiator;
• Integrated word processing equipment – word processing equipment that has its associated control unit contained within the body of the machine.

          Rising of these elements from the superficial structure of the complexes does not create semantic losses, but otherwise predicts definite predictable ambiguity that somewhat impedes decoding, but nevertheless contributes to the creation of expressive stylistic component.

     The basic nominative function of the creation of complex lexical units is the choice and nomination of the most important elements of reference object. This explains that different speakers can create different complexes while describing one and the same object.

           P. Downing wrote, that: “process of complex creation is productive, because they are more semantically transparent than new mono morphemes and can be perfectly considered as special nominations.

           When we create complex words and word combinations, especially in the field of computer science, and when decoder is facing unusual form of derivation acquiring additional steps and obstacles for perception, pragmatic factors are taking into account. What are necessary pragmatic principles for the creation of new nominative complexes?

1. These complexes should be endocentric, i.e. key word should denote more wider notion and its determinants should name or emphasize some elements of its notion;
2. Determining element should exactly or quite “transparently” send listener to any reality reviewer;
3. Determining element should denote really differentiating  sign of the key word that distinguish this notion from the other, at that it should give neither redundant information nor negative one;
4. It is necessary to use regular and permanent associations or relations between referents in order ease decoding;
5. It necessary for the adequate decoding that both speakers knew  one the same rules of the “game”, because the task of the listener will be to denote referent correctly.

  In any case, form the point of view of the “strong semantics”, aim of the semantic description of any language consists of that every language expression should get interpretation in this or that word model.