Russian journalism of the 19-th century

Russian journalism of the 19-th century. 

The beginning of the journalism gave the journal “The bulletin of Europe”, having been published almost for thirty years, from 1802 till 1830.  However after N.M. Karamsin was appointed by a сourt historiographer in 1804, the journal lost past modernity and topicaly:  political observations and publicistic articles appeared rarely. At the beginning of the 20-th years “The bulletin of Europe” was « an ideal of death, dry, dull and senile mouldy» in V.G. Belinsky^,s opinion.

 Departmental and private newspapers appear, such as “St. Petersburg^, s commercial lists”, «The North bee», «The North past-office», «Russian invalid» and others. At first a termite «newspaper» appears on the little of «The North past-office». This publication, being published twice a week on four strips with a edition to 5400 of copies, helped to develop the domestic industry, trade and agriculture.  Having joined with “St. Peterburg^, s commercial lists” in 1811, «The Norte past-office» became to be published under the name «The commercial newspaper».

 The publication of local magazines began in large cities of Russia: “Eastern news” the Astrahan, «Kazanian news», «Ukrainian bulletin» in Harkov   are published. The publishing activities of the Science^, s Academy, of universities, of universities, of literary societies was broadened. «Economical journal», «Static journal», «Medical-physical journal», «War journal», «Moscow notes», «The artillery journal» began to be published. 

The Patriotic War of 1812 influenced essentially on the character of the journalism of the first quarter of the 20-th century. 77 periodical publications of different direct appeared in the first decade of the century: liberal  ( “The san of the fatherland”, by N.E. Grech, (having been published since 1812 till 1820), conservative («Russian bulletin», by S.N. Glinka), bourgeois (Moscow telegraph, by N.A. Polevoy). The free community of amateurs of verbality, sciences and artistics, which was created in 1801, publishes the row of literary miscellany and magazines.  “Russian invalid”  began to be published with charitable aims in 1813. Magazines:  «The Nevskii audience» and « The competer of the enlightenment and were under the ideological influence of future Decembrists. Before the rebellion of  Decembrists began to publish «The Polar shat» (1823-1825) in St. Petersburg and the literary miscellany «Mnemozina» in Moscow, (1824-1825).

Various approach to social reality, characteristic to publications of various orientation, may follow as regards them to the war of 1812. «The san of the fatherland» considers it liberating, the fight far national independent of the fatherland,  showing brave, ordinary, tough soldiers in the sketchings, who are ready to sacrifice themselves for their motherland. «Russian bulletin» has the other view, with help of Moscow war a governor F.N. Rastopchin. «The Bulletin» looked war as the defence of the the Orthodox church, throne, landowners, and attached the tsar and the nobility to the real «sons of the fatherland».

But «Moscow telegraph» was the brightest publication those years. It was published by N.A. Polevoy, a man of merchant^, s rank, without systematic education, who «was born to be a journalist» ( A.E. Gertsen). V.G. Belinskiy writes about the magazine and its published: “the magazine amazes everybody with its vividness, fresh, news, variously, taste, good language”. Polevoy “ pub

 Lished his every book thoroughly, not sorrowing neither work, nor outlay. He had a secret of magazine wather, was talented with the terrible ability for him”.

Having guessed, that educated reader was interested not only in literature, but politics, economy, trade, achievements of scince, Polevoy decided to make «Moscow telegraph» mass, encyclopedically, attracting famous scientists and writers ( A.S. Pushkin and A. Mitskevich) to co-operation. It front of a reader, brought up his taste in differ from others, who either closed on the narrow reader^’s circle, or went in  front of a narrow reader, indulging his taste. The magazine was closed because of publishing Polevoy^, s review on N.V. Kukolnik^, s « The Hand of the supreme has saved the fatherland» in 1834: a reviewer said an idea of the merchant Minin was a saviour in 1612.

Shartening of the number of literary publications is character of for journalism in 1830, but volume of special periodical press – economical and scientific land and technical is increased. First moneyed treatments go in Russian journalism and literature in these years: introduction of the fee helped in the  of the literary man and journalist^, s work.

Newspapers still lag behind in their development from magazines «diterary newspaper» of A.A. Delvig and O.M. Somov was the mast interesting among private publications, A.S. Pushkin  took part  in its editory. All private newspapers, but reactionary «The North bee» of F.B. Bulgarin (began to be published since 1825) were forbidden to take questions of politics.

New newspapers are appeared in the province in these years, which carry the official character: provincial «Lists» began to be published in 42 provinces in 1838, next years – in all the regions. Provincial «Lists» consistered of two parts:  official (Decrees of the provincial administration, rewardings, trained motions, rank-production, government declarations) and non-official (articles on history, geography, ethnography, works of local authors, private declarations about sale and purchase). «Lists» was mare interesting, in which political exiles co-operated. For example, «Vladimir provincial lists», whose non – official part redacted A.E. Gerchen in 1838 – 1839, having been sent in Vladimir.

The central figure of journalism in 1830-1840 is B.G. Belinskiy. At first he co-operates in Moscow publications – magazines «Telescope» and «Moscow watcher», and also in «Molva», and in 1839 moves in St. Petersburg, he becomes a leading collaborator and a non-official redactor of «The Domestic notes» and «Contemporary». Two years pasted after Pushkin^, s death, connected with his name «Contemporary» and  “Literary newspaper” fighted with a reactionary triumvirate of publishers: N.E. Grech and F.V. Bulgarin published the magazine «The san  of the fatherland» and O.E. Senkovskiy – the magazine «library for reading».

The second half of Russian journalism. Authoritative magazines of liberal orientation are published. («Russian idea», «The bulletin of Europe»), populism «Russian riches», monarchical «Russian bulletin», monthly “God^, s Peace, “dife”, «Beganing», illustrated family magazines «Niva», «Motherland», «Around the world». It was the period of the intensive development of journalism, appearance of new genres, headings, forms of creation.

One of long-lived monthy magazines was «The bulletin of Europe», appearing for legality, freedom of  own, far reforms. The constant of readers among the russian intelligentsia provided it the level printing for decaded ( 6 thousands in 70y. of XIX century and 6400 of subscribers in 1905). The mixture of collaborators was steady; which expressed liberal direct of the publication. The magazine was published regularly, had a good printing industry, was famous for neatness in the payment of fees – it was not constant phenomenon. It consisted of two parts: fiction and articles of scientific and historical maintenance were in the first one;  the second section consisted of the row of viewings (inside, foreign, literary) and separate publisistic articles, biographical notes. Embrace of the events of the running life is extremely imposing: from small things of a provincial life to the world exhibition in Paris.

 The family weekly «Niva» was the leader of enjoying press, hawing been published since 1869 till 1918, which long went to be many-sided on the maintenance at a little volume (three printed lists). «Niva» had a literary section (novels, tales, stories, sketches, poems), a section of characteristics and biographies of famous contemporaries and historical faces, a section of geographical and  ethnographical sketches, a scientific section on archaeology, astronomy, medicine and so on. Printing of the magazine with nine thousands of copies in the first year of the publication increased till 235 thousanols by the beginning of XX century. (for example, printing of more reading thick magazines – «Russian idea» and «The bulletin of Europe» didn^’t exceed 14 thousands of copies in 1900).

Newspaper printing becomes the leading, predominant type of journalism on the border of two decades: 125 newspapers of social and political maintenance are published, inquirying, theatrical, medical, church publications have been published except them. Newspapers passed magazines on effectiveness and volume of information, although many theoretical questions were solved mainly in the magazines. Legally 785 periodical publications were spread in Rusia in 1894 on official facts. Almost a half of them – 342-was published in St. Peterburg and Moscow, the rest one – in the province. Mast publications were gone in Russian, 79 newspapers – in Latin; 64-in Polish, 41-in German, 11-in Estonian, 5-in Georgian, 8-in French, 5-in Armenian, 3-in Jewish. Printing of newspapers grow up, going to hundreds of thousands of copies.

Technical progress eased the organization of publications. Production of paper increases, strong printing machines appear, a telegraph speeded up puthing of information. A photograph changed drawing illustrations. Material base of newspapers is becoming stronger, first newspaper-magazine units are created. Large publications are  published not only in the morning, but in the evening; independent evening newspapers appears. First informative telegraph agencies appears. First informative telegraph agencies appear, mediating advertising offices. Spreading the operative news had social-government scale with the creation of the Russian telegraph agency in 1865. Large publication of information: Russian, International and North, provided all the provincial and many capital newspapers with information. Notice , that strong informative agencies appeared earlier, than russian in the West: French «Gavas» - 1835 ( in 1944-became of a base for creation of the present agency «Frans Press»), american « Associated Press»- 1848, English «Reiter», created by Pol. J. Reiter in 1851.

A newspaper becomes a profitable commercial undertaking, that attracts merchants, bankers, people, far from literature in press. They are fond of publication of gossip^’s pieces, gossip, slander in several publications.

In the same time newspapers, which are published by talented, competent owners, prosper.

The history of «New time»  is significant in this plan. Having been created in 1866, the newspaper suffered from the disaster, because of the publication of the review in Russian the first volume of «Capital» by K. Marks in four years. Editor E. Suhomlinov had to give his dutes, and the publisher F. Ustryalov passed the newspaper to O. Notovich after the second warning of the Main operation on the matters of printing MVD on the 22^nd of May, 1873. Notovich promised to reduce the signed payment, to increase a printing till 15 thousands of copies, to make a newspaper paying. But the publication was suspected by the main operation on the matters of printing and it got the third warning in March, 1874, exit of «New time» was stopped for a half a year. Then Notovich passed the rule of the publication to K. Trubnikov. However confidence of the censorship didn’t turn out well to conquer: in 1875 retail sell of numbers was forbidden twice. Trubnikov sells his rule of «New time^’s» publication to the newspaper satirist of «St. Petersburg lists^,» A.C. Suvorin in these conditions. Having become the publisher at the beginning of 1876, Alexey Sergeevich could in crease printing of the newspaper from three thousands till 16 thousands of copies. And scan «New time» becomes one of the mast popular and influential russian newspapers.

Among capital publications may select a group of  a liberal mind^’s newspapers: «St. Petersburg^’s lists» and «Voice», having been published in St. Petersburg, and «Russian Lists», having been published in Moscow. «St. Petersburg^’s lists», supported Alexander II^,s reforms and told for transformation, passed to the banker Baymakov after 1875 and last thein popularity. Uspenskii G., Chehov A., Mamin-Sibiryak and many other democratic publicists were published in Moscow «Russian Lists». «Voice» by Kraevskii A.A. conqued its popularity quickly among new newspapers. The experienced publisher, having done rate on mass character of publication, could lift the printing from 5 thousands to 20 thousands of subscribers for several years.

The monarchical printing on the border of XX decade was introduced by the magazine «Russian Lists», newspapers «A citizen», «Light» and others. It laid all the responsibility for life^’s defects on the intelligentsia, zemstvo, politics of foreign states. «Russian Lists» by Katkov M.N., for example, defended group rules of nobility, blamed woman^’s education, averting a women from a family home. Dostoevskii F.M. edited the newspaper «A citizen» for a year, being published by the prince Mecherskii on subsidies of the state.  
 

Journalism of the XX century.