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An annotation is a concise description of a particular work, including important aspects of content not evident in the title. It enables the researcher to establish the relevance of a specific work and to decide whether to read the full text of the work.
I GENERAL IDEA
An annotation is a concise description of a particular work, including important aspects of content not evident in the title. It enables the researcher to establish the relevance of a specific work and to decide whether to read the full text of the work.
Assignments often call for an annotated bibliography. When required to write an annotation for each source used, the annotation should:
An annotation is a brief summary of a book, article, or other publication. An abstract is also a summary, but there is a difference between the two. An abstract is simply a summary of a work, whereas the purpose of an annotation is to describe the work in such a way that the reader can decide whether or not to read the work itself. An annotated bibliography helps the reader understand the particular usefulness of each item. The ideal annotated bibliography shows the relationships among individual items and may compare their strengths or shortcomings.
There are three distinct types of annotations:
a DESCRIPTIVE annotation merely identifies the areas to be covered in the report. It is an extended statement of purpose or scope. Such an annotation is only useful for a very long report, because it demonstrates only the paper's organization, not its content.
an INFORMATIVE annotation summarizes the entire report and gives the reader an overview of the facts that will be laid out in detail in the paper itself. It is rarely longer than one page and should never exceed more than 10% of the length of the entire report; otherwise it defeats its own purpose.
a CRITICAL annotation in addition to describing the contents, evaluates the usefulness of a book or article for particular situations. An annotation has certain features that set it aside from other pieces of academic writing.
in
most disciplines, it never includes bibliographic citations.
Comprehension questions:
TASK 1 In pairs decide which of the annotations
are descriptive, critical or informative. Give reasons.
1
Computerized
speech recognition takes advantage of the most natural form of communication,
the human voice. During speech, sound is generated by the vocal cords
and by air rushing from the lungs. If the vocal cords vibrate, a voiced
sound is produced; otherwise, the sound is unvoiced. The main problem
in speech recognition is that no two voices produce their sounds alike
and that an individual voice varies in different conditions. Because
voices do vary and because words blend together in a continuous stream
in natural speech, most recognition systems require that each speaker
train the machine to his or her voice and that words have at least one-tenth
of a second pause between them. Such a system is called an isolated
word recognition system and consists of three major components that
process human speech: (1) the preprocessor which removes irregularities
from the speech signal and then breaks it up into parts; (2) the feature
extractor which extracts 32 key features from the signal; and (3) the
classification phase which identifies the spoken word and includes the
training mode and reference pattern memory. Spoken words are identified
on the basis of a certain decision algorithm, some of which involve
dynamic programming, zero crossing rate, linear predictive coding, and
the use of state diagram.
2
Voice recognition
systems offer many applications including data entry, freedom for mobility,
security uses, telephone access, and helpful devices for the handicapped.
However, these same systems also face problems such as poor recognition
accuracy, loss of privacy among those who use them, and limited vocabulary
sizes. The goal of the industry is the development of speaker-independent
systems that can recognize continuous human speech regardless of the
speaker and that can continually improve their vocabulary size and recognition
accuracy.
3
Herbert London,
a Dean at New York University and author of several books and articles,
explains how television contradicts five ideas commonly believed by
most people, using specific examples seen on television, such as the
assassination of John Kennedy, to demonstrate his points. His examples
contradict such truisms as "seeing is believing", "a
picture is worth a thousand words", and "satisfaction is its
own reward." London uses logical arguments to support his ideas,
and doesn't refer to any previous works on the topic: the article is
his personal opinion. His style and vocabulary would make the article
of interest to any reader. The article clearly illustrates London's
points, but does not explore their implications, leaving the reader
with many unanswered questions.
4
The author explains how television contradicts five ideas commonly believed by most people, using specific examples seen on television, such as the assassination of John Kennedy, to demonstrate his points. His examples contradict such truisms as "seeing is believing", "a picture is worth a thousand words", and "satisfaction is its own reward." London uses logical arguments to support his ideas, and doesn't refer to any previous works on the topic: the article is his personal opinion.
II ABSTRACT STRUCTURE
The
following points provide guidance for writing annotations. As appropriate
each of these issues might be assessed and commented on in the annotation.
| Introduce the study by describing the context. Explain why the subject is important. e.g. In order to reduce costs, Thompson Consulting needs to find an alternative material for a top-secret military jet engine. |
| Qualifications of the author, unless very well known, should be clearly stated. Preferably this is to be done early in the annotation. e.g. ‘Based on 20 years of study, William A. Smith, professor of English at Leeds University…’ |
What is the author's reason for writing? Does the author state a purpose for doing the research and/or writing the piece? If not, can the purpose be inferred? e.g. Tim Berners Lee played a key role in the development of World Wide Web. |
What the author’s opinion concerning the main idea? e.g. The text focuses on a distinctive group of engineers and entrepreneurs who improved the designs of computer technology and found ways to make the computer more attractive to people. |
| What method of obtaining data or conducting research was employed by the author? e.g. Researchers conducted speed tests on the new quantum computer that was supposed to solve billions operations a second. |
What are the consequences of the problem or issue that the author is discussing? Report the results that were found. e.g. Pre-training program scores of 385 on the LSAT and 750 on the combined GRE climbed to 435 and 895 respectively. |
| How does the research result compare with similar studies? Are all similar studies cited by the author? e.g. The approach, findings and conclusions were similar to those of Henley in Anodic Oxidation of Aluminum and Its Alloys (Elsevier Science Ltd, 1982) |
|
The intended audience
and level of reading difficulty.
Does the piece have an intended audience? This is not always present in an annotation but is important if the work is targeted to a specific audience. e.g. Schmidt addresses himself to the scholar, but the concluding chapters will be clear to any computer user. |
| What conclusions does the author draw from his/her study of the issue or problem? Are the conclusions in line with the original purpose of the research? e.g. This research will move our understanding forward of how brains work, and could have a profound effect on many areas of science and medicine. |
| Bibliography, glossary, index, survey, instruments, testing devices, etc. e.g. A short list of readings is appended. |
TASK 2 Read the annotation in italics and study its elements.
"Access-Limited
Logic -- A Language for Knowledge Representation." The University
of Texas at Austin, Department of Computer Sciences. AI Technical Report
90-141. October 1990. 237 pages.
| Hermjakob, Ph.D. | Qualifications of author |
| Access-Limited Logic (ALL) is a language for knowledge representation which formalizes the access limitations inherent in a network structured knowledge-base. | Introduction |
| Where a deductive method such as resolution would retrieve all assertions that satisfy a given pattern, an access-limited logic retrieves all assertions reachable by following an available access path. | Outline of major thesis,
theories and ideas
(purpose and scope) |
| The time complexity of inference is thus a polynomial function of the size of the accessible portion of the knowledge- base, rather than the size of the entire knowledge-base. Access-Limited Logic, though incomplete, still has a well defined semantics and a weakened form of completeness, Socratic Completeness, which guarantees that for any query which is a logical consequence of the knowledge-base, there exists a series of queries after which the original query will succeed. | Major bias, standpoint of the author |
| We have implemented ALL in Lisp and it has been used to build several non-trivial systems, including versions of Qualitative Process Theory and Pearl's probability networks. | Methods (ways of investigation) |
| ALL is a step toward providing the properties - clean semantics, efficient inference, expressive power - which will be necessary to build large, effective knowledge bases. | Conclusion |
TASK 3 Read carefully the annotation from the field
of computer assisted learning. What structure elements from the table
above do the sentences 1-7 refer to?
Use of A Writing Web-Site By Pre-Masters Students On An English for Academic Purposes (EAP) Course
A.J. Gillett,
University of Hertfordshire
1
During the last 10 years, use of the World-Wide-Web for educational
purposes has increased dramatically.
2
However, very little empirical research has been carried out to determine
the effectiveness of this use. 3
The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the effectiveness
of using the World-Wide-Web on an EAP writing course. 4
Two groups of students were taught writing by two different methods:
one group was taught by a teacher in a traditional classroom, while
a second group included use of an on-line web-site in their course.
5 The two groups were assessed in the same way after a twelve-week
period of instruction. 6 Results of the assessment showed significant
differences between the two groups, the group that used the on-line
web-site performing much better on all aspects of the test. 7
This suggests that the use of computer assisted learning programmes
for at least some of the teaching time available can be recommended
for EAP writing courses.
Sentence 1 ____________introduction______
Sentence 2 ______________________________
Sentence 3 ______________________________
Sentence 4 ______________________________
Sentence 5 ______________________________
Sentence 6 ______________________________
Sentence 7 ______________________________
III HOW TO WRITE A GOOD ANNOTATION?
To write an effective annotation you need to pay attention to its content and format. These tips will help you:
|
C
O N T E N T |
| SENTENCES.
Whole sentences are preferable, but single descriptive words and simple
phrases or lists are acceptable. Complex sentences should be avoided.
PARAGRAPHS. Annotations should be one single paragraph. Avoid writing a paragraph that is nothing more than a series of unconnected sentences summarizing separate ideas, arguments and conclusions, by following the same order of information as the author and by using transitional words and phrases.
|
F
O R M A T |
|
W
O R D S |
DOs
DON’Ts
TASK 4 Read the annotations and in pairs decide which of them is good, bad or middling. Give reasons. You can find the source article in APPENDIX 1 (1).
1
I absolutely agree with the author of this article. I think the problem, which is lightened here is really important. Our government spends huge amounts of money on nonsense, but they should concentrate on the supporting of environment and developing the new methods of making our planet and our city better. First of all I suggest investing some money in education. I think we must educate new generation about the environmental problems because only they can find reasonable solution and develop new environment protecting technologies. New generation is innovative and smart. Our future is in our hands and we are responsible for leaving Tomsk, and the whole planet, clean and beautiful for next generations. In addition to that new technologies and new industries will enjoy lots of people, which is a solution of the problem of unemployment in Tomsk, particularly today, in the situation of economic crisis. On my point of view we should develop: clean energy and clean technologies including recycling, agriculture, ecosystem infrastructure. It is all about making our life better. It is all about avoiding financial, fuel and food crises in future. Let’s be humane and intelligent.
2
The article analyses problems of development of economy in circumstances of financial, fuel and food crises. Modern economy needs to be re-focused and re-oriented. The reason of failure of economy is disability of government to manage and direct industry development. Thus, the author suggests paying attention to nature infrastructure such as forests and soils and creating sustainable business. According to him, it will help to change global situation, create new jobs and overcome crisis. He underlines that subsidies amount in those areas are not enough especially in comparison to global GDP and worsening of ecological situation. Ha also marks five priority areas to develop. In conclusion, author appeals to be more mobile and flexible to solve economical problems.
3
The given article is focused on the problem of sustainable business. To consider this issue United Nations (UNEP) Executive Director Achim Steiner pointed out that the best way to accelerate growth of global economy was to invest in clean businesses. The author examines that there are a lot of various stimulus, which don’t support environment. Furthermore, the paper shows that the spending of the environment is not enough at all, it’s valued just10 per cent of investments needed. But Mr. Steiner underlined that there were some advantages from investing in natural infrastructure – one of them is creation new work places. This article presents some figures of income in different industries and number of employees accordingly. In conclusion the paper gives information about five main areas, which support economic growth in this century.