Автор: Пользователь скрыл имя, 30 Мая 2013 в 07:45, реферат
Now more and more companies require reception of the operative information depending on demanded conditions on a certain instant. Thus the information should be received as soon as possible with the minimum expenses of money resources, with maximum metrics of reliability, accuracy and objectivity. Connected with this operations in logistics sphere did not become an exception.
The logistics is an optimal control of the commodity-material streams followed from the supplier to the consumer and linked to them by informational, financial and service streams on the basis of a system approach for the purpose of abbreviation of time and costs in a chain of deliveries of the goods.
Below is a handful of the great features that sets Sublime Text 2 above other editors:
Needless to say that Sublime Text 2 is a feature-packed editor and makes it a worthy alternative to the other popular editors out there on each platform. As I use a mac, I will be using mac terminology in the information below, but most of the tips and tricks translate directly to the Windows and Linux versions.
Speed – Sublime Text 2 has always been quick, and now it’s both faster and leaner. Startup times especially are now faster, although keep in mind that the first time you start up after installing or upgrading, it’ll take longer than normal as your packages are updated.
Auto Complete –
Suggestions are now offered as you type, to complete the current word
or insert snippets. Because this uses Sublime Text’s fuzzy matching
algorithm, you can type just a few key characters to quickly select
the word you want to complete: No more typing wow_this_function_name_is_
3. Google Maps
Google Maps (formerly Google Local) is a web mapping service application and technology provided by Google, that powers many map-based services, including the Google Maps website, Google Ride Finder, Google Transit, and maps embedded on third-party websites via the Google Maps API. It offers street maps, a route planner for traveling by foot, car, bike (beta), kayak, or public transport and an urban business locator for numerous countries around the world. Google Maps satellite images are not updated in real time; they are several months or years old.
Google Maps uses a close variant of the Mercator projection, so it cannot show areas around the poles. A related product is Google Earth, a stand-alone program which offers more globe-viewing features, including showing polar areas.
Like many other Google web applications, Google Maps uses JavaScript extensively. As the user drags the map, the grid squares are downloaded from the server and inserted into the page. When a user searches for a business, the results are downloaded in the background for insertion into the side panel and map; the page is not reloaded. Locations are drawn dynamically by positioning a red pin (composed of several partially transparent PNGs) on top of the map images.
As Google Maps is coded almost entirely in JavaScript and XML, some end users have reverse-engineered the tool and produced client-side scripts and server-side hooks which allowed a user or website to introduce expanded or customized features into the Google Maps interface.
Using the core engine and the map/satellite images hosted by Google, such tools can introduce custom location icons, location coordinates and metadata, and even custom map image sources into the Google Maps interface. The script-insertion tool Greasemonkey provides a large number of client-side scripts to customize Google Maps data.
Combinations with photo sharing websites, such as Flickr, are used to create "memory maps". Using copies of the Keyhole satellite photos, users have taken advantage of image annotation features to provide personal histories and information regarding particular points of the area.
A hidden IFrame with form submission is used because it preserves browser history. The site also uses JSON for data transfer rather than XML, for performance reasons. These techniques both fall under the broad Ajax umbrella.
In October 2011, Google announced MapsGL, a WebGL version of Maps with better renderings and smoother transitions.
After the success of reverse-engineered mashups such as chicagocrime.org and housingmaps.com, Google launched the Google Maps API in June 2005 to allow developers to integrate Google Maps into their websites. It is a free service, and currently[update] does not contain ads, but Google states in their terms of use that they reserve the right to display ads in the future.
By using the Google Maps API, it is possible to embed Google Maps site into an external website, on to which site specific data can be overlaid. Although initially only a JavaScript API, the Maps API has since expanded to include an API for Adobe Flash applications, a service for retrieving static map images, and web services for performing geocoding, generating driving directions, and obtaining elevation profiles. Over 350,000 web sites use the Google Maps API, making it the most heavily used web application development API.
The Google Maps API is free for commercial use providing that the site on which it is being used is publicly accessible and does not charge for access, and is not generating more than 25 000 map accesses a day. Sites that do not meet these requirements can purchase Google Maps API Premier.
The success of the Google Maps API has spawned a number of competing alternatives, including the Yahoo! Maps API, Bing Maps Platform, MapQuest Development Platform, and OpenLayers.
In September 2011, Google announced it would discontinue a number of its products, including Google Maps API for Flash
Cell phones are being increasingly used for navigation assistance. Google Maps Navigation for Android 2.0 is free.
Features provided in the application:
Search in plain English
Search by voice
Traffic view
Search along route
Satellite view
Street View
Car dock mode
2. Experimentally-research section
2.1. Business process of logistic operations
A business process or business method is a collection of related, structured activities or tasks that produce a specific service or product (serve a particular goal) for a particular customer or customers. It often can be visualized with a flowchart as a sequence of activities.
There are three types of business processes:
A business process begins with a customer’s need and ends with a customer’s need fulfillment. Process oriented organizations break down the barriers of structural departments and try to avoid functional silos.
A business process can be decomposed into several sub-processes, which have their own attributes, but also contribute to achieving the goal of the super-process. The analysis of business processes typically includes the mapping of processes and sub-processes down to activity level.
Business Processes are designed to add value for the customer and should not include unnecessary activities. The outcome of a well designed business process is increased effectiveness (value for the customer) and increased efficiency (less costs for the company).
Business Processes can be modeled through a large number of methods and techniques. For instance, the Business Process Modeling Notation is a Business Process Modeling technique that can be used for drawing business processes in a workflow.
2.1.1 Business logistics
Logistics as a business concept evolved only in the 1950s. This was mainly due to the increasing complexity of supplying one's business with materials and shipping out products in an increasingly globalize supply chain, calling for experts in the field who are called Supply Chain Logisticians. This can be defined as having the right item in the right quantity at the right time at the right place for the right price in the right condition to the right customer and is the science of process and incorporates all industry sectors. The goal of logistics work is to manage the fruition of project life cycles, supply chains and resultant efficiencies.
In business, logistics may have either internal focus (inbound logistics), or external focus (outbound logistics) covering the flow and storage of materials from point of origin to point of consumption (see supply chain management). The main functions of a qualified logistician include inventory management, purchasing, transportation, warehousing, consultation and the organizing and planning of these activities. Logisticians combine a professional knowledge of each of these functions so that there is a coordination of resources in an organization. There are two fundamentally different forms of logistics. One optimizes a steady flow of material through a network of transport links and storage nodes. The other coordinates a sequence of resources to carry out some project.
2.1.2 Third – party logistics
Third-party logistics involves the utilization of external organizations to execute logistics activities that have traditionally been performed within an organization itself.[1] According to this definition, third party logistics includes any form of outsourcing of logistics activities previously performed in-house. If, for example, a company with its own warehousing facilities decides to employ external transportation, this would be an example of third party logistics. Logistics is one of the emerging business area in many countries.
Warehouse management system and warehouse control system
Although there is some functionality overlap, the differences between warehouse management systems (WMS) and warehouse control systems (WCS) can be significant. To put it simply, the WMS plans a weekly activity forecast, based on such factors as statistics, trends, and so forth, whereas a WCS acts like a floor supervisor, working in real time to get the job done by the most effective means. For instance, a WMS can tell the system it’s going to need five of SKU A and five of SKU B, hours in advance, but by the time it acts, other considerations may have come into play or there could be a potential logjam on a conveyor. A WCS can prevent that problem by working in real time and adapting to the situation by making a ‘last-minute decision’ based on current activity and operational status. Working synergistically, WMS and WCS can resolve these issues and maximize efficiency for companies that rely on the effective operation of their warehouse or distribution center.
2.1.3 Logistics operations and logistics functions
Logistics as a function in a company. Logistics can be classified into various positions depending on how it is viewed as a function in a company. If logistics plays a critical role in a company’s success, it makes sense to position it in the functional organization beside the basic functions of finance, production or human resources. Another option could be further centralization of logistics. But it is debatable whether this serves the cross-sectional function of logistics.
Logistics as an operational function. The functional organization is based on the classification criterion of operations, and is frequently used in small and mid-sized companies. Logistics can be included centrally or decentrally in the current organizational structure as an additional operation. As a result, it is put on the same level as other fundamental operational functions such as production, sales and procurement. The basic condition for this is that logistics is considered an operational function [1]. Broad centralization can be achieved if logistics is placed directly under the managerial level. However, the functional organization opens up wide design possibilities as there are various types of this organizational form - this depends on the degree of centralization, the hierarchical classification and the functional place of logistics tasks in the present organizational units [2]. Despite the possibility of creating a comprehensive centralization, it must be stressed that a functional classification does not reflect the cross-sectional character of logistics. For this reason, this classification is termed skeptically as the “functional-silo approach”
Logistics function is the integrated group of the logistics operations routed on implementation of the purposes of logistics system
With modern tasks of logistics distinguish two sorts of functions: operative and coordination.
Operative character of functions is linked to direct traffic control of material assets in sphere of supply, production and allocation.
To functions in supply sphere concern handle of movement of production from the supplier or the item of their acquisition industrial firms, warehouses or trading storages.
In a phase of production the storekeeping including the control of movement of intermediate products and components through all stages of production, and also finished goods moving on wholesale warehouses and retail commodity markets becomes logistics function.
Control function by production allocation cover the end streams operative organization of production from firm-manufacturer to consumers.
Number of logistics coordination functions concern: revealing, the analysis of requirements for material resources of various phases and production parts; the analysis of the markets on which the firm, and forecasting of behavior of other sources of these markets operates; the data processing, concerning orders and requirements of clients.
The enumerated functions of logistics consist in supply and demand coordination on the goods. In this sense marketing and logistics are closely interconnected, and the affirmed formula – «marketing forms demand, and logistics it realizes» - has under itself powerful from-carrying. To a certain extent the formula is applicable and to coordination of mutual relations of logistics and production (figure 3).
Within the limits of coordination functions of logistics one more of its directions – the operational planning dictated by tendency to reduce stores was selected, without reducing efficiency of industrial and marketing activity of corporations. Its essence consists that on the basis of the forecast of the demand adjusted later at arrival of real orders, schedules of transportations and as a whole an order of storekeeping of finished goods which as a result and define production planning, development of programs of supply by its raw materials and completing products are developed.
Figure 3. Logistics functions schema.
2.2. Simulation of the system
CASE- means (from Computer Aided Software/System Engineering) make it possible to design any systems on the computer. The necessary element of systems and structural-functional analysis, CASE- means allow to model business processes, databases, software components, activity and structure of the organizations. Activities are applicable practically in all spheres. Result of applying the CASE- means - optimization of systems, reduction in the expenditures, an increase in the effectiveness, and reduction in the probability of errors.
For conducting of analysis and reorganization of the business- processes PLATINUM of technology proposes the CASE- means of the upper level Of BPwin, which supports methodologies IDEFO (functional model), IDEF3 (WorkFlow diagram) and DFD (DataFlow diagram). Functional model is intended for describing the existing business- processes in enterprise (the so-called model AS -IS) and ideal state of affairs - that, what it is necessary to approach (model TO -BE). Methodology IDEFO prescribes the construction of the hierarchical system of diagrams - the single descriptions of the fragments of system. First is conducted description of the system as a whole and its interaction with the surrounding peace (contextual diagram), after which is conducted functional decomposition - system it is divided off into the subsystems and each subsystem is described separately (diagram of decomposition). Then each subsystem is divided off into the smaller and so on before reaching of the necessary degree of detail. The session of the examination is conducted after each session of decomposition: each diagram is checked by the experts of subject area, by representatives of customer, by people, which directly participate in the business- process. This technology of the creation of model makes it possible to build the model, adequate of subject area at all levels of the abstracting.
2.2.1 UML Diagrams
Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a standardized general-purpose modeling language in the field of software engineering.
The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is used to specify, visualize, modify, construct and document the artifacts of an object-oriented software intensive system under development. UML offers a standard way to visualize a system's architectural blueprints, including elements such as:
UML combines techniques from data modeling (entity relationship diagrams), business modeling (work flows), object modeling, and component modeling. It can be used with all processes, throughout the software development life cycle, and across different implementation technologies.
It is very important to distinguish between the UML model and the set of diagrams of a system. A diagram is a partial graphical representation of a system's model. The model also contains a "semantic backplane" — documentation such as written use cases that drive the model elements and diagrams.
UML diagrams represent two different views of a system model:
These diagrams can be categorized hierarchically as shown in the following class diagram:
Figure 4. Categories of UML diagrams
Diagrams overview. UML 2.2 has 14 types of diagrams divided into two categories. Seven diagram types represent structural information, and the other seven represent general types of behavior, including four that represent different aspects of interactions.
In general, every UML element may appear on almost all types of diagrams; this flexibility has been partially restricted in UML 2.0. UML profiles may define additional diagram types or extend existing diagrams with additional notations.
Structure diagrams. Structure diagrams emphasize what things must be in the system being modeled:
Behavior diagrams. Behavior diagrams emphasize what must happen in the system being modeled:
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