The UK Economy

МИНОБРНАУКИ  РФ

Государственное образовательное бюджетное учреждение

Высшего профессионального образования

«ВОЛГОГРАДСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ

УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

ФАКУЛЬТЕТ «Информационные технологии»

КАФЕДРА «Иностранных Языков»

СЕМЕСТРОВАЯ РАБОТА

По учебной дисциплине «Английский язык»

Тема: «The UK Economy»

                                                             Выполнил:

Студент Цыганкова М.С.

                                                                           Группа КБА – 111

                                                               Проверила:

                                                                       Алещанова И.В.

КАМЫШИН 2011

     plan.

1.      The Economy of Great Britain………………………………………3

2.      David Cameron defends economic growth policy…………………………..4

3.      UK unemployment total rises sharply to 2.51 million……………………….5 - 6

4.      Translate…………………………………………………………......7 - 11

5.      Vocabulary…………………………………………………………..12 - 16

6.      Literature…………………………………………………………….17

                                                                                                                                                                                          2

1. The Economy of Great Britain.

Early in the twentieth century Britain was overtaken economically by the United States and Germany. After two world wars and the rapid loss of its empire, Britain found it increasingly difficult to maintain its position even in Europe.                    Britain struggled to find a balance between government intervention in the economy and an almost completely free-market economy such as existed in the United States. Neither system seemed to fit Britain's needs. The former seemed compromised between two different objectives: planned economic prosperity and the means of ensuring full employment, while the latter promised greater economic prosperity at the cost of poverty and unemployment for the less able in society. Neither Labour nor the Conservatives doubted the need to find a system that suited Britain's needs, but neither seemed able to break from the consensus based on Keynesian economics. Prosperity Increased during the late 1950s and in the 1960s, diverting attention from Britain's decline relative to its main competitors. In 1973" the Conservative Prime Minister Edward Heath warned, "The alternative to expansion is not, as some occasionally seem to suppose, an England of quiet market towns linked only by steam trains puffing slowly and peacefully through green meadows. The alternative is slums, dangerous roads, old factories, cramped schools, stunted lives. «But in the years of world-wide recession, 1974-79, Britain seemed unable to improve its performance.                                                                                                                During the 1980s the Conservatives put their new ideas into practice; income tax was reduced from a basic rate of 33 per cent to 25 per cent. (For higher income groups the reduction was greater, at the top rate from S3 per cent to 40 per cent) This did not lead to any loss in revenue, since at the lower rates fewer people tried to avoid tax. At the same time, however, the government doubled Value Added Tax (VAT) on goods and services to 15 per cent.

3

2. David Cameron defends economic growth policy.

Prime Minister David Cameron has defended the government's policies on economic growth following criticism from a prominent Tory figure.        Commons Treasury Committee chairman Andrew Tyrie said the government was not doing enough to promote growth.                                                                           Mr Cameron said growth was vital and the government had an "incredibly active" growth strategy.                                                                                                           Mr Tyrie said some government initiatives "have seemed at best irrelevant to the task in hand, if not downright contradictory to it".                                                               According to Mr Tyrie, the government is pursuing policies more suited to an age of abundance rather than austerity.                                                                                  He does support the coalition's strategy to reduce the public deficit, saying it is both necessary and correct.

Living standards. 

But in the pamphlet for the pro-free market think tank, Centre for Policy Studies, he said the government had to review its positions on the reform of public services, the increase in overseas aid and some aspects of its environmental agenda.                                    The pamphlet, called It's the Economy, says: "Without the lynchpin of a clear strategy for growth in place, other attempts to provide a more appealing theme than austerity are unlikely to succeed.                                                                                               Mr Tyrie called for the tax system to be simplified and business taxation to be reduced, and said he wanted to see fewer regulations and changes to lab our laws.                 "There is much to do, and it is not just a question of gaps in policy; in places it is inconsistent, even incoherent," he wrote.                                                                                        "A much more coherent and credible plan for supply-side reform to improve the long-term economic growth rate of the UK economy is now needed."                                      Mr Cameron said: "First of all, we've got to deal with the debts and the deficit and stick to our plan there, but we are doing things to cut corporation tax, to help small businesses to de-regulate, to make it easier to employ people.                                      Some of Mr Tyrie's views would be shared by other Tory backbenchers, former Conservative cabinet minister John Redwood told the BBC.                                                                 "I think Andrew Tyrie speaks for a lot of Conservatives when he says that he thinks that some of the spending priorities are not appropriate for current austerity Britain and that we need to make stronger strides to get the deficit down by controlling spending," he said.                                                                                                               Chancellor George Osborne has suggested there might not be tax cuts before the next general election.

4

  3. UK unemployment total rises sharply to 2.51 million.

The number of people unemployed in the UK rose by 80,000 to 2.51 million in the three months to July, official figures have shown.                                                                           This is the largest increase in nearly two years, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) said. The jobless rate now stands at 7.9%.                                                                 Youth unemployment also rose sharply, by 78,000 to 973,000.                                                   The total claiming Jobseeker's Allowance rose by 20,300 in August to 1.58 million.                        The number of people in employment in the economy fell in the three months to July, by 69,000 to 29.17 million.

Private sector.

"Clearly this is a very unwelcome set of figures. Any increase in unemployment is something we really don't want to see happen," said Employment Minister Chris Grayling.

The government is looking to the private sector to offset job losses in the public sector resulting from its wide-ranging programme of spending cuts, designed to reduce the UK's debt levels.                                                                                                                Mr Grayling reiterated the government's determination to continue with its programme of cuts, as the alternative of borrowing more money was not a credible solution.                                                                                                                              Analysts said the unemployment figures reflected weak economic growth.                    "Today's data provide further evidence that the fading of the UK's economic recovery is having increasingly severe effects on the labour market," said Samuel Tombs. "Continued rises in unemployment in the coming months seem likely."                        However, some argued that, given the current economic environment, the figures were not as bad as could have been expected.                                                                              "The biggest surprise has been the resilience of the labour market given how weak growth has been," said Ross Walker.                                                                            The UK economy grew by 0.2% between April and June.

Wage rises.

The total number of unemployed men rose to 1.45 million in the three months to July, while the number of women out of work increased to 1.06 million, the highest figure since the three months to April 1988.                                                                                         The latest figures for public sector employment show a fall of 110,000 between March and June to 6.04 million. This is the largest fall since comparable records began in 1999.                                                                                                                               The number of people employed in the private sector increased by 41,000 to 23.13 million.                                                                                                                                                         

5

The ONS figures also showed that total pay in the three months to July rose by 2.8%. Excluding bonuses, pay climbed by 2.1%.                                                                                This figure is watched closely as it shows wage inflation in the economy. One reason the Bank of England has given for keeping interest rates at record lows is that inflationary pressures are largely temporary and external, and are not being exacerbated by rising wages.

6

  4. Translate.

1. ЭКОНОМИКА ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИИ.

". В начале 20-го века Британия экономически превосходила США и Германию. После двух мировых войн и быстрой утратой своей империи оказалось, что Британия не может даже удержать свою позицию в Европе.                               Британия боролась за то, чтобы сохранить баланс между усилением интервенции правительства в экономику и почти полностью свободной рыночной экономикой как это было в США. Ни одна система, казалось, не подходит для нужд Британии. Прежняя казалась компромиссом между двумя различными объективностями: запланированным экономическим благополучием и средствами обеспечивающими полную занятость, в то время как последняя обеспечивала большее экономическое благополучие ценой бедности и безработицы для менее способного общества. Ни Лейбористы ни Консерваторы не сомневались в необходимости найти систему подходящую для нужд Британии, но ни одна, казалось, не способна разрушить соглашение основанное на Кейнесианской экономике.                                               Благосостояние увеличилось в конце 50х и 60х, отвлекающих внимание от упадка Британии относительно других стран. В 1973 году Премьер министр от консерваторов Эдвард Хит предупредил "Нет альтернативы для экспансии, как некоторые предполагали, Англию с тихими рыночными городами соединял только паровоз, медленно пыхтящий через зеленые луга. Альтернативой были трущобы, ужасные дороги, старые заводы, тесные школы, убогая жизнь". Но в годы всемирного спада, 1974 – 79, Британия оказалась не в состоянии улучшить свое положение.                                                                                                                     В течении 80-х Консерваторы внедрили свои идеи в практику, налоги с дохода уменьшились с 33% до 25%. (Для групп с более высокими доходами уменьшение было больше; самый высокий от 3 до 40%). Это не привело к потерям доходов годового бюджета, так как при низких ставках меньше людей старалось уклониться от налога. В то же время, тем не менее, правительство удвоило налог на добавочную стоимость на товары и услуги до 15%.

7

2. Дэвид  Камерон  отстаивает политику экономического роста.

Премьер – министр Дэвид Камерон защищает политику правительства в отношении экономического роста после критики со стороны видных консерваторов.                                                                                                        Председатель комитета Андрей Тари заявил, что правительство делает недостаточно для стимулирования роста.                                                              Камерон сказал, что рост имеет невероятно важное значение, и правительство было невероятно активной стратегией роста.                                                                  Тари сказал, что некоторые инициативы правительства в лучшем случае не имеют отношения к задаче, если не противоречат ей.                                                            По словам Тари правительство проводит политику, больше похожую на эпоху изобилия, а не жестокой экономии.                                                                                Он поддерживает стратегию коалиции по сокращению дефицита государственного бюджета, заявив, что является необходимым и правильным.

Уровень жизни.

Но в брошюре про свободный рынок мозговой центр, центр перспективных исследований, он сказал, что правительство пересматривает свою позицию по реформе государственных услуг, увеличению иностранной помощи и некоторые аспекты его экологической повестки дня.                                   Брошюра под названием Все дело в экономике, говорит: "Без краеугольных камней четкой стратегии роста на месте, другие попытки обеспечить более привлекательной темой, чем строгость вряд ли удастся.                                   Tари призвал к налоговой системе, чтобы упростить и налогообложение предпринимательской деятельности должны быть сокращены, и сказал, что хочет видеть меньше положений и изменений в трудовом законодательстве.  " Много предстоит сделать, и это не просто вопрос пробелов в политике, в местах, это несовместимо, даже бессвязно", писал он.                                 "Гораздо более согласованный и заслуживающий доверия план производственно-сбытовой реформы для улучшения долгосрочных темпов экономического роста британской экономики в настоящее время необходимо"                                                                                                 

8

Камерон сказал: "Прежде всего, мы имеем дело с долгами и дефицитом и не придерживаемся нашего плана, но мы делаем вещи, чтобы сократить корпоративный налог, чтобы помочь малым предприятиям де-регулирования, проще нанимать людей.