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The actuality and necessity of scientific research. The modern English language is an international language nowadays. English is spoken today on all five continents as a result of colonial expansion in the last four centuries or so. The colonial era is now definitely over but its consequences are clearly to be seen in the presence of English as an official and often native language in many of the former colonies. Another legacy of colonialism is that English fulfils the function of a lingua franca (for example, in Nigeria). It is also the first spoken language of such countries as Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and South Africa.
Introduction…………………………………………………………………
I. Theoretical part. Territorial varieties of English pronunciation
1.1 English based pronunciation standards……………………….
1.2 Welsh English
1.3 Scottish English
1.4 Northern Ireland English………………………………………..
1.5 American-based pronunciation standards of English
II. Experimental part…………………………………………………....
2.1.
Conclusion………………………………………………………………
Literature…………………………………………………………………
Appendix………………………………………………………………..
The so-called local dialects on the British Isles and in the USA are used only by the rural population and only for the purposes of oral communication. In both variants local distinctions are more marked in pronunciation, less conspicuous in vocabulary and insignificant in grammar.
The study of regional linguistic variation is very important. The more we know about regional variation and change in the use of English, the more we will come to appreciate the individuality of each of the varieties which we call dialects, and the less we are likely to adopt demeaning stereotypes about people from other parts of the country.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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23. Source: http://www.soundcomparisons.
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25. www.en.wikipedia.org
26. www.planet-britain.com
APPENDIX 1: SELECTED LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS ON THE BRITISH ISLES
APPENDIX 2: REGIONS AND DIALECTS OF ENGLAND
| Consonant phonemes of Received Pronunciation | ||||||||
| Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
| Plosive | p b | t d | k ɡ | |||||
| Affricate | tʃ dʒ | |||||||
| Fricative | f v | θ ð2 | s z | ʃ ʒ | h | |||
| Approximant | ɹ | j | w | |||||
| Lateral | l | |||||||
Monophthongs of RP. From Roach (2004:242)
Diphthongs of RP. From Roach (2004:242)
| Monophthongs | |||||||||
| Front | Central | Back | |||||||
| long | short | long | short | long | short | ||||
| Close | i: | ɪ | u: | ʊ | |||||
| Mid | e | ɜ: | ə | ɔ: | |||||
| Open | æ | ʌ | ɑ: | ɒ | |||||
| Triphthongs | |||||||||
| As two syllables | Triphthong | Loss of mid-element | Further simplified as | ||||||
| [aɪ.ə] | [aɪə] | [aːə] | [aː] | ||||||
| [ɑʊ.ə] | [ɑʊə] | [ɑːə] | [ɑː] | ||||||
| Correspondence between the IPA help key and Scottish English vowels (many individual words do not correspond) | ||
| Pure vowels | ||
| Help key | Scottish | Examples |
| /ɪ/ | /ɪ/ | bid, pit |
| /i:/ | /i/ | bead, peat |
| /ɛ/ | /ɛ/ | bed, pet |
| /eɪ/ | /e/ | bay, hey, fate |
| /æ/ | /a/ | bad, pat |
| /ɑ:/ | balm, father, pa | |
| /ɒ/ | /ɔ/ | bod, pot, cot |
| /ɔ:/ | bawd, paw, caught | |
| /oʊ/ | /o/ | beau, hoe, poke |
| /ʊ/ | /ʉ/ | good, foot, put |
| /u:/ | booed, food | |
| /ʌ/ | /ʌ/ | bud, putt |
| Diphthongs | ||
| /aɪ/ | /ae/ ~ /əi/ | buy, ride, write |
| /aʊ/ | /ʌu/ | how, pout |
| /ɔɪ/ | /oi/ | boy, hoy |
| /ju:/ | /jʉ/ | hue, pew, new |
| R-colored vowels (these do not exist in Scots) | ||
| /ɪr/ | /ɪr/ | mirror (also in fir) |
| /ɪər/ | /ir/ | beer, mere |
| /ɛr/ | /ɛr/ | berry, merry (also in her) |
| /ɛər/ | /er/ | bear, mare, Mary |
| /ær/ | /ar/ |
barrow, marry |
| /ɑr/ | bar, mar | |
| /ɒr/ | /ɔr/ | moral, forage |
| /ɔr/ | born, for | |
| /ɔər/ | /or/ | boar, four, more |
| /ʊər/ | /ur/ | boor, moor |
| /ʌr/ | /ʌr/ | hurry, Murray (also in fur) |
| /ɜr/ (ɝ) | /ɪr/, /ɛr/, /ʌr/ | bird, herd, furry |
| Reduced vowels | ||
| /ɨ/ | roses, business | |
| /ə/ | /ə/ | Rosa’s, cuppa |
| /ər/ (ɚ) | /ər/ | runner, mercer |
Republic of Ireland
Northern Ireland
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