Sindarin as a linguistic phenomenon

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This graduate work is called “The Elvish languages as linguistic phenomena”. Here we have examined two of the most popular Elvish languages and their predecessor that were created by professor John Ronald Reuel Tolkien. Every year there appear more and more fans of his great works and mostly all of them are interested in his created languages and want to learn and speak them. Moreover, a lot of scholars are attracted by them and they made researches on this topic.

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Introduction…………………………………………….3
Chapter 1. Theoretical aspects of the investigation of the Elvish languages………………………………………………………...5
The outer history: J.R.R. Tolkien as a philologist…………...5
The history of the Elvish scholarship………………………..9
The classification of the Elvish languages…………………11
Chapter 2. Primitive Elvish as a linguistic phenomenon……...17
2.1 Structure of words in Primitive Elvish……………………..17
2.2 Phonology of Primitive Elvish……………………………..28
2.3 Grammar of Primitive Elvish………………………………31
Chapter 3. Quenya as a linguistic phenomenon……………….34
3.1 Phonology of Quenya……………………………………....34
3.2 Grammar of Quenya………………………………………..37
Chapter 4. Sindarin as a linguistic phenomenon……………...48
4.1 Phonology of Primitive Elvish……………………………..48
4.2 Grammar of Primitive Elvish……………………………....51
Conclusion………………………………………………….….64
Bibliography…………………………………………………..67
Appendixes…………………………………………………….69

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isilmë ilcalassë,

in the moon gleaming,

 isilmë pícalassë,

in the moon waning,

 isilmë lantalassë

in the moon falling

 ve loicolícuma;

a corpse-candle;

 raumo nurrua,

the storm mumbling,

 undumë rúma?

the abyss moving?

Man hlaruva rávëa súrë

Who shall hear the wind roaring

 ve tauri lillassië,

like leaves of forests;

 ninqui carcar yarra

the white rocks snarling

 isilmë ilcalassë,

in the moon gleaming,

 isilmë pícalassë,

in the moon waning,

 isilmë lantalassë

in the moon falling

 ve loicolícuma;

a corpse-candle;

 raumo nurrua,

the storm mumbling,

 undumë rúma?

the abyss moving?

Man tiruva rácina cirya

Who shall heed a broken ship

 ondolissë mornë

on the black rocks

 nu fanyarë rúcina,

under broken skies,

 anar púrëa tihta

a bleared sun blinking

 axor ilcalannar

on bones gleaming

 métim' auressë?

in the last morning?

 Man cenuva métim' andúnë?

Who shall see the last evening?

 

      1. The text of Firiel’s song, also with translation:

Ilu Ilúvatar en káre eldain a fírimoin  
The Father made the World for Elves and Mortals 
ar antaróta mannar Valion: númessier. 
and he gave it into the hands of the Lords. They are in the West. 
Toi aina, mána, meldielto - enga morion: 
They are holy, blessed, and beloved: save the dark one.  
talantie. Melko Mardello lende: márie. 
He is fallen. Melko [Melkor] has gone from Earth: it is good. 
En kárielto eldain Isil, hildin Úr-anar.  
For Elves they made the Moon, but for Men the red Sun;  
Toi írimar. Ilyain antalto annar lestanen 
which are beautiful. To all they gave in measure the gifts  
Ilúvatáren. Ilu vanya, fanya, eari, 
of Ilúvatar. The World is fair, the sky, the seas, 
i-mar, ar ilqa ímen. Írima ye Númenor. 
the earth, and all that is in them. Lovely is Númenor. 
Nan úye sére indo-ninya símen, ullume; 
But my hearth resteth not here for ever, 
ten sí ye tyelma, yéva tyel ar i narqelion, 
for here is ending, and there will be an end and the Fading, 
íre ilqa yéva nótina, hostainiéva, yallume: 
when all is counted, and all numbered at last,  
ananta úva táre fárea, ufárea! 
but yet it will not be enough, not enough. 
Man táre antáva nin Ilúvatar, Ilúvatar 
What will the Father, O Father, give me 
enyáre tar i tyel, íre Anarinya qeluva? 
in that day beyond the end when my Sun faileth?

 

 

 

 

 

 

Appendix 4

Important samples of Sindarin in LotR include:

  • Glorfindel's greeting to Aragorn: Ai na vedui Dúnadan! Mae govannen! (Lord of the Ring, book 1, chapter 12). The first words are not translated, but probably mean *"Ah, at last, Westman!" Mae govannen means "well met" (Letters:308).
  •   Glorfindel's cry to his horse: Noro lim, noro lim, Asfaloth! (same chapter). Untranslated; evidently meaning *"run fast, run fast, Asfaloth!" (Variants of this line have been transferred to Arwen in the Peter Jackson movie, since the movie-makers dropped the Glorfindel character.) The name of the horse cannot be interpreted, but seems to include loth "flower".
  •   Gandalf's fire-spell: Naur an edraith ammen! Naur dan i ngaurhoth! The first part literally means "fire be for saving of us". (Actually there seems to be no word meaning "be".) The second part must mean *"fire against the werewolf-host!" (Cf. Gandalf's remark the morning after the wolf-attack: "It is as I feared. These were no ordinary wolves.") (Lord of the Ring, book 2, chapter 4)
  • Gandalf's invocation before the Moria Gate: Annon edhellen, edro hi ammen! Fennas nogothrim, lasto beth lammen! "Elvish gate open now for us; doorway of the Dwarf-folk listen to the word of my tongue" (Lprd of the Ring, book 2, chapte 4, translated in Return of the Shadow, p.463). An earlier variant of the invocation is found in Return of the Shadow, p.451.
  • The inscription on the Moria Gate itself: Ennyn Durin Aran Moria: pedo mellon a minno. Im Narvi hain echant: Celebrimbor o Eregion teithant i thiw hin. "The Doors of Durin, Lord of Moria. Speak, friend, and enter. I, Narvi, made them. Celebrimbor of Hollin [Eregion] drew these signs."
  •   The song A Elbereth Gilthoniel / silivren penna míriel / o menel aglar elenath! / Na-chaered palan-díriel / o galadhremmin ennorath, / Fanuilos le linnathon / nef aear, sí nef aearon (Lord of the Rings, book 2, chapter 1). It is translated in Road Goes Ever On:72 and means roughly, "O Elbereth Starkindler, white-glittering, sparkling like jewels, the glory of the starry host slants down. Having gazed far away from the tree-woven lands of Middle-earth, to thee, Everwhite, I will sing, on this side of the Sea, here on this side of the Ocean" (my translation based on Tolkien's interlinear rendering). (The hymn is quite similar to Lúthien's Song [untranslated] in The Lays of Beleriand p. 354: Ir Ithil ammen Eruchîn / menel-vîr síla díriel / si loth a galadh lasto dîn! / A Hîr Annûn gilthoniel, le linnon im Tinúviel.)
  • Sam's "inspired" cry in Cirith Ungol: A Elbereth Gilthoniel o menel palan-diriel, le nallon sí di-nguruthos! A tiro nin, Fanuilos! "O Elbereth Star-kindler, from heaven gazing afar, to thee I cry now in [lit. beneath] the shadow of death. O look towards me, Everwhite!" (translated in Letters of Tolkien,p.278 and Road Goes Ever On, p.72).
  • The praise received by the Ringbearers on the Fields of Cormallen (Lord of the Ring, book6, chapter. 4): Cuio i Pheriain anann! Aglar'ni Pheriannath! ... Daur a Berhael, Conin en Annûn, eglerio! ... Eglerio! This is translated in Letters:308 and means "may the Halflings live long, glory to the Halflings... Frodo and Sam, princes of the west, glorify (them)! ... Glorify (them)!"
  • Gilraen's linnod to Aragorn in Lord of the Ring, Appendix A: Ónen i-Estel Edain, ú-chebin estel anim, translated "I gave Hope to the Dúnedain; I have kept no hope for myself".
  • Elessar Telcontar: Aragorn Arathornion Edhelharn, aran Gondor ar Hîr i Mbair Annui, anglennatha i Varanduiniant erin dolothen Ethuil, egor ben genediad Drannail erin Gwirith edwen. Ar e aníra ennas suilannad mhellyn în phain: edregol e aníra tírad i Cherdir Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen) Condir i Drann, ar Meril bess dîn; ar Elanor, Meril, Glorfinniel, ar Eirien sellath dîn; ar Iorhael, Gelir, Cordof, ar Baravorn, ionnath dîn. A Pherhael ar am Meril suilad uin aran o Minas Tirith nelchaenen uin Echuir (Aragorn Strider the Elfstone [but the Elvish text reads "Elessar Telcontar: Aragorn Arathornson Elfstone"], King of Gondor and Lord of the Westlands, will approach the Bridge of Baranduin on the eighth day of Spring, or in the Shire-reckoning the second day of April. And he desires to greet there all his friends. In especial he desires to see Master Samwise (who ought to be called Fullwise), Mayor of the Shire, and Rose his wife; and Elanor, Rose, Goldilocks, and Daisy his daughters; and Frodo, Merry, Pippin and Hamfast, his sons. To Samwise and Rose the King's greeting from Minas Tirith, the thirty-first day of the Stirring, being the twenty-third of February in their reckoning)
  • Voronwë's uttering when he saw the Encircling Mountains around the realm of Turgon: Alae! Ered en Echoriath, ered e·mbar nín! "Alae [= ?behold]! [The] mountains of Echoriath, [the] mountains of my home!" (Unfinished Tales, p.40, translated in Unfinished Tales, p.54 note 19.)
  • Gurth an Glamhoth!, "death to [the] din-horde", Tuor cursing the Orcs in Unfinished Tales:39 (cf. Unfinished Tales, p.54).
  • The battle-cry of the Edain of the North, given in Unfinished Tales,p.65: Lacho calad! Drego morn! "Flame Light! Flee Night!"
  • An exclamation of Húrin's: Tôl acharn, "Vengeance comes", also in the form Tûl acharn (War of Jewels, p.254, 301).
  • The Sindarin names of the certain Great Tales in the Silmarillion, the Nern in Edenedair or *"Tales of the Fathers of Men", given in Morgoth’s Rinf, p.373: 1) Narn Beren ion Barahir, "Tale of Beren son of Barahir", also called Narn e·Dinúviel, "Tale of the Nightingale". 2) Narn e·mbar Hador *"Tale of the house of Hador" including Narn i·Chîn Hurin "Tale of the Children of Hurin" (also called Narn e·'Rach Morgoth "Tale of the Curse of Morgoth") and Narn en·Êl "Tale of the Star" (or Narn e·Dant Gondolin ar Orthad en·Êl, *"Tale of the Fall of Gondolin and the Rising of the Star").
  • A sentence published in Vinyar Tengwar41:11: Guren bêd enni "my heart (inner mind) tells me".
  • An incomplete translation of the Lord's Prayer, published in Vinyar Tengwar44:21, 22: Ae Adar nín i vi Menel / no aer i eneth lín / tolo i arnad lín / caro den i innas lin / bo Ceven sui vi Menel. / Anno ammen sír i mbas ilaurui vín / ar díheno ammen i úgerth vin / sui mín i gohenam di ai gerir úgerth ammen. In a more-or-less literal translation, this is apparently: "O my [sic!] father who [is] in heaven, / be holy your name / let your kingdom come / make ?it [happen,] your will / on Earth as in Heaven. / Give to us today our daily bread / and forgive us our wrong-doing / like us who forgive those who do wrong-doing to us."
  • A sentence from the so-called "Túrin Wrapper": Arphent Rían Tuorna, Man agorech?, probably meaning *"And Rían said to Tuor, What did you do?"

 

 

 




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