Практический курс разговорного английского языка

7.      The Far Eastern Art museum was opened in 1931.

8.      The city is the point of intersection of the most important transport ways.

9.      The city was named after Y. Khabarov.

10.  Khabarovsk is a recognized centre of cultural, artistic and sports life both    for the Khabarovskiy Kray and the entire region.

11.  The citizens of Khabarovsk can attend good level sports facilities.

Ex. 9. Answer the questions

1.      Where is Khabarovsk situated?

2.      Does Khabarovsk have favourable location? Can you prove it?

3.      When and why was Khabarovsk founded?

4.      Why was Komsomolskaya Square called Sobornaya?

5.      What is the history of Lenin Square?

6.      What is the War Memotial Complex?

7.      What are the oldest and largest Museums in Khabarovsk?

8.      Is Khabarovsk a recognized centre of cultural, artistic and sports life?

9.      Where is the statue of Y. Khabarov situated?

10.  Why do you think the city was named after Y. Khabarov?

PART 2. FROM THE HISTORY OF KHABAROVSK

Vocabulary:

distinguished [                                                        ] – выдающийся

to predetermine [                                                                      ] – предопределять

urgent [                                          ] – срочный

to sign a treaty – подписать договор

commander in chief – главнокомандующий

ancestor [                                          ] – предок

to submit to smth. – подчиняться

advantageous [                                                        ] – выгодный

disadvantageous [                                                                      ] – невыгодный

colonel [                                          ] – полковник

to assemble – собирать

orthodox [                                                        ] – православный

synagogue [                                                        ] – синагога

joint-stock society – акционерное общество

lantern [                                          ] – фонарь

pious [                            ] – набожный

exile [                                          ] – ссылка

achievement [                                                        ] – достижение

Ex. 1. Read and translate the text.

From the history of Khabarovsk foundation and development.

Success of Russia at Amur was predetermined by joining of efforts of two distinguished state figures – Nikolay Nikolaevich Muravyov and Gennadiy Ivanovich Nevelskoy. The explorer admiral Nevelskoy made a lot for  foundation and development of the Russian settlements in the Far East. He had a talent  in choosing the geographical point for a settlement (Nikolaevsk is one of them). Nevelskoy  understood the importance of the Priamurskiy and Priussuriyskiy regions for Russia and really felt the state strategic value of the place between the rivers  Ussury and Amur for the foundation of a town. In February 1854 Nevelskoy wrote to Muravyov: ”I beg your excellency to order to set up a post of 30 people at the Ussury estuary…it is the place, where we should concentrate our activities and management of the region. Nowadays this post should become the starting point for communication with the harbor, chosen in the south, as well as for the research of Ussury and Low Amur basins.” The foundation of the range of settlements became necessary and urgent after signing Aigun treaty on the Russian-Chinese border by the general-governor of the Eastern Siberia count  Muravyov and the Chinese amur Commander in Chief in May, 1858.  The military post named after Khabarov was founded on May 31, 1858 by order of  Muravyov-Amurskiy (awarded the additional name after signing the treaty). It was the military post of the 13-th linear battalion commanded by the captain Yakov Vassilievich Dyachenko. Muravyov-Amurskiy said on June 12, 1858 in Khabarovsk: “Let the memory of our ancestors live in the names of the Cossack villages. Their labor and heroic deeds made this land Russian.”

The Eastern-Siberian battalions had to become the first builders of most of the settlements, appeared along the Amur river and the coast of the Sea of Japan. The battalions of this type were to defend the border. The soldiers commanded by Dyachenko set up the part of the town which is still its historic center. The military post spread along the river from mountain Artilleriyskaya (now Radio building there) to mountain Kazachya (near river cargo port). The first street was about two kilometers. The first builders also made the first park.  

In administrative connection Khabarovka submitted to Sofiysk (founded in November 1858), then it became the center of Sofiysk district. 15 years later it could compete with the capital of the region, Nikolaevsk. Its advantageous geographic position was seen better year after year. From 1858 new settlement became the center of the post communication for the whole Far East. In 1860 the percentage of civil citizens was only 8%, three years later it was 38%. Khabarovka became the fur and fish fair and the trade center. They sold up to 20 thousand sable skins during one season. Foreign capital prevailed here, in 1868 its share was 73%.

In summer 1873 the first distinguished visitor, Grand Prince Alexey Alexandrovich visited Khabarovka. He was traveling round the world and was going to Petersburg through Siberia. Due to his visit the first and main street in Khabarovka was named Alexeevskaya (now Shevchenko street), the first educational institution founded in 1875 was Alexeevskaya preliminary school. In 1891 Cesarevitch Nikolay followed the way of the Grand Prince. His visit was more pompous, with triumphal arch, church service and opening of the monument to Muravyov-Amursky. The new square was named Nikolaevskaya. The trade school named after Nikolay was built there in 1900-1903 (now Nechepayev Hospital).

The imperial decision on the transfer of the regional center was made on April 28 (May 10) 1880. It granted Khabarovka the status of a town. It caused a construction boom. More and more stone houses were built, some of them can be still seen in the central part of the city. In 1884 the Priamursskoe general-governorship was separated from the Vostochno-Sibirskoe general-governorship. Khabarovka became the residence of general-governors (the first Andrey Nikolaevich Korf, buried in the Usspenskiy Cathedral in 1893). In 1893 Khabarovka was renamed into Khabarovsk. Business and construction in the town was also caused by construction of Ussuriyskaya railroad (1891-1897, from Vladivostok to Khabarovsk) and later due to the Transsiberian railroad finished by the construction of the bridge (1916) – the  real engineering masterpiece of that time. In 1900 a telephone station was built in Khabarovsk. The number of users was up to 900 (number of citizens – 17 thousand in 1903). In 1902 the artillery workshops, commanded by colonel Simeon Nikolaevich  Vankov, assembled a small electric generator. He established join-stock society and built a power station. Street lightning was introduced in 1907. About 100 lanterns appeared in Alexeevskaya and Muravyov-Amurskiy streets. Not every regional center of Russian empire had such a luxury.

According to the architectural plan of 1907, the town territory was divided into three administrative parts, three “hills”: Artilleriyskaya (Lenin street), Srednyaya (Muravyov-Amurskiy street) and Voennaya (Seryshev street). A distinguished feature of Khabarovsk was that many streets were named after famous writers and poets: Pushkin street (1899), Gogol street (1902), Tolstoy street (1908), Turgenev street (1917). Another feature of the town was small number of churches for the town of its status. They built 14 orthodox churches, one synagogue, Roman Catholic church and a Chinese church. G. Grigorovich wrote in her memories: ”The inhabitants of the Far East were not very pious. Maybe it was the influence of the political exiles.”

In 1913 all Russia celebrated the 300 anniversary of the Romanov’s house. In Khabarovsk there was a large exhibition displaying all the achievements of the Far East. Special area was constructed for the exhibition (‘Dynamo” park) with more than 60 pavilions and some attractions. In 1914 the town population was 54 000, not included the army.       

Ex. 2. Find Russian equivalents to the words from to the text:

Distinguished state figure, strategic value, point for communication, necessary and urgent, by order, awarded the additional name, in administrative connection, centre of the post communication, the imperial decision, engineering masterpiece, displaying all the achievements, joining of the efforts.

Ex. 3. Find English equivalents in the text:

географическая точка под поселение; Ваше превосходительство;  должны были охранять границу; под командованием; Николаевское реальное училище; генерал-губернаторство; артиллерийские мастерские; "Пусть в названиях страниц будет жить память о наших предках, радением своим и подвигом своим сделавших эту землю русской".

Ex. 4. Insert the words from the text.

1.             Nevelskoy understood … of the Priamurskiy and Priussuriyskiy regions for Russia.

2.             It is the place, where we should concentrate our activities and … of the region.

3.             The foundation of the range of settlements became necessary and urgent after … Aigun treaty.

4.             The battalions of this type were … the Russian-Chinese border.

5.             In administrative connection Khabarovka … Sofiysk.

6.             Its … geographical position was seen better year after year.

7.             From the very beginning  Khabarovka became the centre of the post … for the whole Far East.

8.             … of foreign capital was 73% in 1868.

9.             Success of Russia at Amur was predetermined by joining efforts of two … state figures.

10.        The emperial decision on … of the regional centre was made in 1880.

11.        Vankov established … society.

12.        Not every regional centre of the Russian empire such a … .

Ex. 5. Explain the dates:

February 1854, May 16, 1858, May 31, 1858, June 12, 1858, November 1858, 1860, 1868, 1873, 1875, 1891, 1880, 1884, 1893, 1907, 1903, 1902, 1916, 1899, 1908, 1917, 1913, 1914.

Ex. 6. Make up the sentences using these proper name:

N.N. Muravyov-Amurskiy, G.I. Nevelskoy, Y.V. Dyachenko, A.N. Korf, Y.P. Khabarov, Sofiysk, Nikolaevsk, Nikolay, S.N. Vankov, the Far East

Ex. 7. Expand the statements.

1.      Nevelskoy had a talent in choosing the geographical point for a settlement.

2.      Many Far Eastern settlements were founded in and after 1858.

3.      A new military post was named Khabarovka.

4.      The Eastern-Siberian battalions were the first builders of most of settlements.

5.      The advantageous geographical position of Khabarovka was seen better year after year.

6.      Khabarovka was granted the status of a town and it caused constitution boom.

7.      Grand Prince Alexey Alexandrovich visited Khabarovka.

8.      Street lightning was introduced in 1907.

9.      In 1913 all Russia celebrated 300 anniversary of the Romaniv's house.

10.  Cesarevitch Nikolay followed the way of the Grand Prince.

Ex. 8. Answer the questions:

1.      When and why was Khabarovsk founded?

2.      What role did G.I. Nevelskoy play in the  foundation of the city?

3.      What was the role of N.N. Muravyov in the foundation of settlements in the     Far East?

4.      What was Y.V. Dyachenko?

5.      How did Khabarovsk get its name?

6.      How long was the first street in Khabarovsk?

7.      Where did the military post spread?

8.      When did Khabarovsk become the centre of the post communication?

9.      How did the visits of the members of Tsar's family influence the town?

10.  When and why did Khabarovsk get the status of a town?

11.  What caused construction and development of the town?

12.  When was street lightning introduced? Who of a town?

13.  What was the distinguished feature of naming streets in Khabarovsk?

14.  How did G. Grigorovich explain the fact that the Far Easterners were not    very pious?

15.  What event look place in Khabarovsk in 1913?

16.  What roles did Nevelskoy, Muravyov, Dyachenko, Khabarov play in the    foundation of Khabarovsk? Could Khabarovsk get another name?

Ex. 9. Read information about the honored names of Khabarovsk.

      Dyachenko Yakov Vassilievich (1817 - 1871)

The general Michael Venyukov, the famous Russian geographer and explorer of the Far East (died in Paris in 1901, bequeathed 1000 books to the Khabarovsk library), wrote about Dyachenko: “He was one of the most important figures for the Amur settlement. He was calm, even-tempered, decisive, he was getting on very well with the soldiers, the Cossacks and the authorities. So the people of the area respected him.”  Dyachenko was the first builder and the first administrator of the town. In the end of 1859 he handed over his responsibilities in Khabarovka to a police executive and began guarding the boundary from the Cossack village Kazakevichevskaya (named after admiral, general Petr Vassilievich Kazakevich, served under Muravyov, supporter of Nevelskoy) to the lake Khanka.

Muravyov-Amurskiy Nikolay Nikolaevich (1809 - 1881)

He was the general-governor of the Eastern-Siberian governorship from 1847 to 1861. On May 16, 1858 Muravyov signed the treaty on Russia-Chinese border with  the Chinese amur Commander in chief I. Shang in Aigun. Though the exploration and settling of the Russian Far East began in the early 17 century, the central and the southern regions of the Far East were not officially annexed to the Russian Empire. There was no legal border between Russia and China. Moreover Russia lost many territories according to Nerchinskiy treaty of 1689. In 19 century the situation had changed and Russia was ready to solve the problem of the state border. China was dragging  out the time and the bilateral was failed for several times. It was count Muravyov who was able to persuade the Chinese part to sign the treaty. Muravyov was awarded the additional name Amurskiy for signing favorable treaty. According to this treaty the border between Russia and China was going along the river Amur but not the left bank of the river as the Chinese Commander wanted. Besides, the lost territories were returned to Russia. Aigun treaty was followed by Tyangzyng treaty (signed by E. V. Putyatin) on June 13, 1858 and Beijing treaty (signed by count N. P. Ignatiev) on November 11, 1860. These two treaties approved Aigun treaty and finally determined the Russian-Chinese border. Beijing treaty finally recognized the Ussuriyskiy region as the Russian territory. In 1860 Muravyov-Amurskiy gave instruction to found a  new post Vladivostok. Due to his initiatives Zabaykalskiy Cossack detachment (1851) and Amurskiy Cossack detachment were formed.  Muravyov-Amursky retired in 1861. He was awarded all Russian orders, with the exception of the order of St. Andrey Pervozvanny. Muravyov-Amurskiy left for France, the motherland of his wife. He was buried in Paris in 1881. In 1991 his ashes were reburied in Vladivostok.  

Korf Andrey Nikolaevich (1831- 1893)

The first general-governor of Priamurskiy region. Korf organized free migration of peasants from European districts of Russia to Yuzhno-Ussuriyskiy region via Odessa by ships. Development of timber and fish industry began. Naval contacts with Korea,  Japan and China improved. In 1886 in Petersburg he participated in establishing  the committee for construction of the memorial to Muravyov-Amurskiy, it was headed by  Kazakevich and Volkonskiy.

Korf opened a lot of schools, developed and designed the city. He died in 1893. He was buried in Khabarovsk in Uspenskiy cathedral.

Gondatty Nikolay Lvovich (1861– 1945)

He was the last general-governor of Priamurskiy region, very intelligent and active man. After graduation from Moscow university (assistant professor) he became a scientist, ethnography and anthropology researcher. In 1905-1908 he was Tobolsk governor, in 1908-1909 Tomsk governor. In 1909-1910 he was the head of Amur expedition studying nature, climate and possibilities of future migration of peasants. In 1911-1917 he was general-governor of Primamurskiy region. He did not allow any interference to the life of aborigines, prohibited alcohol trade in their villages and nomad camps. In 1912 he was granted the rank of Honored Cossack of Grodekovskiy regiment. After the revolution he went to Harbin and spent the rest of his life there.

Ex.10. Translate the text from Russian into English.

Первые исследователи Амура

15 июня 1643 года отряд (detachment) под руководством Василия Пояркова вышел из Якутска. В отряде было около 130 человек. Целью Василия Пояркова было найти путь к загадочной реке Амур. Первая зима была трагична для отряда. Люди умирали от голода (to starve). К весне выжили только 40 человек. Они смогли достичь Амура и отправились вниз по реке. Осенью 1644 года Поярков решил причалить к берегу, предположительно,в окрестностях будущего Хабаровска. Поярковцы занимались рыболовстом и охотой полтора месяца, затем отправились дальше вниз (to go down) по Амуру. Вторая зимовка была намного благоприятней, и отряд благополучно достиг Охотского моря. Во время пути Поярков вел записи об окружающей природе и жизни коренного населения. В Якутск вернулись только 20 человек. Сто человек принесли себя в жертву (to sacrifice one's life to) для того, чтобы путь на Амур был открыт.

Ерофей Павлович Хабаров был родом из Великого Устюга, Вологодской области. Хабар – значит "удача". Хабаров был удачливым, талантливым и предприимчивым человеком. Его соляные варницы (salt-making plants) снабжали Якутск и ближайшие поселения солью. Кроме того, Хабаров организовал рыбный и соболиный промыслы и занялся хлебопашеством. Весной 1649 года Хабаров решил отправиться на Амур. Зиму 1650–1651 годов отряд Хабарова провел на Амуре, ниже слияния (blowing together) Шилки и Аргуни, в городке, оставленном местным князьком Албазой (в будущем русская Албазинская крепость). Весной отряд плыл до устья Уссури. Хабаров составил чертеж Амура. Он основал Ачанский городок. Местонахождение поселения до сих пор не найдено. Известно, что оно находилось на территории от нынешнего Хабаровска до озера Болонь. Отряд Хабарова постоянно подвергался нападениям маньчжурских отрядов. Хабаров решил, что пока безопаснее селиться ближе к Якутску. Но он оставил донесение о богатствах амурских земель. Воевода Якутска Дмитрий Францбеков (православный немец) писал царю: "… та Даурская земля будет прибыльнее Лены, а сказывал он, Ярко Хабаров, что и против всей Сибири, место то украшено и изобильно". В 1652 году из Москвы был направлен дворянин Дмитрий Зиновьев. Он прибыл на Амур летом 1653 года. Обратно Зиновьев возвращался в Москву с Хабаровым. Дальнейшая судьба Хабарова неизвестна. Есть версия, что Хабарова обвинили в растрате казны (stealing of state money). Согласно  другой версии Хабарова наградили и даровали (to be gifted) дворянский титул. На Амур он больше не вернулся, хотя сохранилось письмо Хабарова Тобольскому воеводе, в котором он просил отпустить его в Даурскую землю. Свое имущество Хабаров завещал Усть-Киренскому Троицкому монастырю (Иркутская область). Неизвестно, где точно Хабаров был захоронен, предположительно, в Иркутской области, недалеко от Киренска, где в 1641 Хабаров основал селение Хабаровка, либо в Читинской области, недалеко от Нерчинска, на монастырском кладбище, где были захоронены погибшие в схватках с маньчжурами.