Автор: Пользователь скрыл имя, 06 Ноября 2011 в 14:38, реферат
Исследование употребления модальных глаголов в английском языке
action or idea.
Just when we were ready to go away for the holidays, the baby must catch measles. —
Как раз, когда мы уже уезжали в отпуск, ребенок вдруг заболел корью, (...возьми да
и заболей...)
Of course after I gave her my advice she must go and do the opposites. — Ну, конечно,
после того, как я ей посоветовала, она вдруг пойди и сделай наоборот.
4. Invitations.
You must come and see me sometime. You must come and have dinner with us. You must come and see our picture gallery.
II. Combined with any form of the infinitive must expresses probability, near certainty. It has the same meaning as the modal words probably, evidently. In this sense must occurs only in positive statements and corresponds to the Russian modal words вероятно, должно быть.
He must be mad (it seems certain that he is mad). He must be lonely (probably he is lonely).
Where's Nell? She must be sightseeing now (she is probably sightseeing).
Note: With verbs which admit of the continuous aspect, the continuous infinitive should be used for reference to the present.
John isn't here. He must be working in the garden. Jane is busy. Must combined with the non-perfect infinitive of these verbs expresses obligation (not probability or near certainty).
He must work in the garden. Он должен работать в саду. ' She must pack for the trip. Ей надо собирать вещи в дорогу.
The perfect infinitive indicates a past action.
Did you always live with your father? You must have led quite a busy social life (evidently you led...). The perfect continuous infinitive indicates the duration of the past action, a process in the past
It must have been raining when you left (evidently it was raining when you left).
They must have been working all the time. They look very tired (evidently they have been working all the time).
' Must expressing probability is not used:
a) with reference to the future. Instead of the modal verb the adverbs probably and evidently are used.
He will probably feel lonely.
b) in negative and interrogative forms. There are several ways of expressing the negative
probability in such sentences: by negative affixes, or negative pronouns or lexically.
To have to, have got to
As a modal verb to have to differs from the others in that it is not defective. It can have the category of person and number and all tense-aspect forms, as well as verbals. It is followed by a to-infinitive.
As there is no through train to our town we have to change in Moscow.
We had to look all over town before we found what we wanted.
She won't have to walk the whole way, will she?
Having to go so soon we were afraid of missing the man.
Have to builds up its interrogative and negative forms with the help' of the auxiliary verb to do.
Do you have to work so hard?
Have to combines only with the non-perfect infinitive.
The modal verb to have to expresses:
1. Obligation or necessity arising out of circumstances. It is similar in its meaning to must (1). It corresponds to the Russian приходится; вынужден.
She is usually short of time so she has to go by air (ей приходится лететь, она вынуждена лететь).
My sister has a lot of friends in different parts of the country, so she has to write lots of letters (ей приходится...).
In the past tense have to indicates a fulfilled obligation.
Have got to has the same basic meaning as have to. It is more ' usual in spoken English especially in the negative and interrogative forms. Besides have to usually denotes a habitual action and have got to denotes a particular action (mainly in colloquial style).
Do you have to get up early every morning? Have you got to get up early tomorrow morning?
2. Certainty or logical necessity.
Both have to and have got to are possible, the former being more common
in American English and the latter in British English.
You have to be joking.-Am. English.
The bombing's got to stop sometime-B. English. (It is certain that the bombing will stop sometime.)
To be to
To be to as a modal verb is used in the present and past indefinite tenses.
To be to expresses:
1. An obligation arising out of an arrangement or plan. It is found in statements and questions.
We are to complete this work by tomorrow. (Somebody expects it.)
I am to go down in my car and pick up the parcels.
When is the wedding to be?
The ship was to dock on Sunday.
I was to meet Mother at the dentist's at II.
The last two sentences in which to be is in the past indefinite do not indicate whether the action did or did not take place.
If we are to get there on time, we must start at once (если мы хотим прийти вовремя, надо сразу отправляться).
6. Possibility. In this case the passive form of the non-perfect infinitive is used, unless it is a question beginning with
the interrogative adverb how.
They are not to be trusted.
Need
The modal verb need may be either a defective or a regular verb. As a defective verb need has only one form and combines with a bare infinitive. In reported speech it remains unchanged. As a regular verb it has the past indefinite form needed and regular negative and interrogative forms.
Need I do it? You needn't do it just now. . The teacher said that we needn't come.
There is a slight difference in the usage of regular and irregular forms. The regular form is used mainly when the following infinitive denotes habitual action.
Do I need to show my pass every time? You don't need to say it every time you see him.
The defective form is more common for one particular occasion. Need I show you my pass now?
The defective form is mainly restricted; to negative and interrogative sentences whereas the regular verb can be used in all types of sentences and is therefore more common.
Need expresses necessity. It is mainly used in questions and negative statements, where it is a replacement for must or for have got to.
Do you need to work so hard
(do you have to work so hard? Have you got to...).
It corresponds to the Russian нужно.
You needn't do it now. Сейчас
не нужно этого делать. . Need she come
tomorrow? Ей нужно завтра приходить?
The negation is not always combined with the verb, but may be expressed by other parts of the sentence.
Need she go there? (hoping for a negative answer) I wonder if I need go there, (statement of doubt)
In negative statements need followed by a perfect infinitive indicates that the action expressed by the infinitive was performed but was not necessary. It implies a waste of time or effort,, and is therefore translated by зря, незачем, не к чему была.
You needn't have Spent all
the money. Now we've got nothing left.—Зря ты потратил
все деньги, не к чему было
тратить. We needn't have waited for her because she never came
at all.— Нечего было ее ждать.
Она все равно не пришла.Didn't
need to do smth= It wasn't necessary, so probably not done. We didn't
need to say anything at all which was a great comfort. She didn't need
to open the drawer because it was already open. and these:
Needn't have done smth. = It was not necessary, but done nonetheless. You needn't have said anything. Then he would never have known about it. She needn't have opened the drawer. She found it empty when she did.
The modal verb ought has only one form. It is not changed in reported speech.
Ought combines with the to-infinitive. When followed by the non-perfect or continuous infinitive it indicates reference to the present or future. In indirect speech it may also refer the action to the past.
I told him that he ought to do it, so he did it. She told him he ought not to go away.
Ought expresses:1. Moral duty, moral obligation (which is not always fulfilled). It corresponds to the Russian следует.
You ought to look after your children better (you don't always do it). Вам следует больше заботиться о детях.
Ought not + perfect infinitive means that something wrong has been done and it is now too late to change it. It may also be viewed as a reproach.
She told him he ought not to have done it (but he had done it). The opposite to ought to is needn't used to mean that the action is unnecessary.
We ought to wash the dishes but we needn't dry them because they will dry themselves.
2. Advisability (which is sometimes understood as desirability);
You ought to see a doctor. We really ought to buy a new car, 3. Probability, something that can be naturally expected. It corresponds to the Russian должно быть, наверное.
You ought to be hungry by now (you probably are, but I'm not certain). Вы, наверное; уже проголодались.
Ought to + infinitive is used when describing something exciting, funny or beautiful in the meaning of / wish you could.
You ought to hear the way he plays the piano!
Should
Historically should was the past form of shall and both the forms expressed obligation. But in present-day English they have developed different meanings and are treated as two different verbs.
Should followed by the non-perfect infinitive may be used with reference to the present and future and is not changed in reported speech.
You should be more careful. Вам следует быть внимательнее. I told him he should be more careful.
Should is nearly always interchangeable with ought to, as their meanings coincide. , It expresses:
1. Moral obligation or duty which may not be fulfilled. Should is found in this sense in all kinds of sentences.
All students should submit their work by present date (but some of them don't). When combined with the perfect infinitive should denotes criticism, faultfinding, the statement indicates that something desirable has not been done.
Your shoes are wet. You should have stayed at home.
2. Advice, desirability. This meaning is more common with ought to than with should.
You should stay in bed. Вам нужно (следует) лежать в постели. I think you should read this book. Думаю, что тебе следует (стоит) прочесть эту книгу.
You should consult a doctor.
Показался бы ты врачу. (Тебе
следует показаться врачу.)
As is seen from the above examples, it is sometimes difficult to discriminate between the first and the second meaning.
3. Probability, something naturally expected (only with reference to the-present от future).
The effect of the tax should be felt in high prices (will probably be felt).
We needn't get ready yet. The guests shouldn't come for another hour. Гости вряд ли придут раньше, чем
через час.
Shall
In present-day English shall is not a purely modal verb. It always combines its modal meaning of obligation
with the function of an auxiliary verb in the future tense.
As a modal verb shall is not translated into Russian, usually its meaning is rendered by emphatic intonation.
When combined only with the non-perfect infinitive shall- expresses:
1. Promise or strong intention. In this meaning shall is used with the 2nd or 3rd person with a weak stress.
It shall be done as you wish.
You shall never know a sad moment, Lenny, if I can help it. He shall get his money. "I want this luggage taken
to my room." "It shall be taken up at once, sir."—Его сейчас же отнесут наверх, сэр.
In the 1st person shall in this sense acquires a strong stress. I want that prize and I shall win it.
2. Threat or warning (shall is used in this meaning in the 2nd and 3rd person).
That day shall come.
She shall pay for it, she shall.
3. A suggestion.
It is used in questions (and offers) in the 1st person singular and plural. Such sentences are translated into Russian by the infinitive.
"Shall I get you a chair?" "Yes, please."
The above three meanings are closely connected with the old meaning of
obligation which is at present not common in spoken English and which is
normally confined to formal or archaic style (official regulations or other documents).
The Society's nominating committee shall nominate the person for the office of president (...должны выставить одного кандидата...).
This meaning is found in subordinate clauses.
It has been decided that the nomination shall not be opposed. Will
Will is not a purely modal verb. It almost always combines its modal meaning
with its functioning as an auxiliary verb expressing futurity. Will has two forms:
will for the present tense and would for the past tense. Thus will and would are
looked upon as forms of the same verb, although in a few cases their meanings differ.
I. Will combined with the non-perfect infinitive expresses:
1. Willingness, intention, determination. It is often rendered into Russian by непременно, обязательно, охотно.
I will write as soon as I can. (Я непременно напишу, как только смогу.)
When used in the negative it denotes a refusal to do something.
They won't go with us (they refuse to...).
I won't accept your offer (I refuse to...).
2. A polite request or an offer. This meaning occurs only in questions.
Will you pass the salt, please? Will you have some tea?
In comparison with will -the form would renders a greater degree of politenessIt is still more polite to use the combinations: Would you mind (+ -ing form), Would you be so kind as to...
Would you be so kind as to lend me your book?
3. A command (in military contexts a strict command).
But after a positive command will you has a rising intonation and expresses impatience.
Sit down, will you? . Shut the door, will you? Shut the door, won't you?
Would is never used in this meaning.
mend it himself (he insists on mending it himself).
With reference to inanimate objects will and would shows that a thing fails
to perform its function. It occurs in negative statements and corresponds to
the Russian никак не. 5. Inevitability, or characteristic behaviour, or something naturally expected.
What will be will be,—Чему быть, того не миновать. Accidents will happen. —
Несчастные случаи неизбежны (несчастный случай может произойти с
каждым).
6. Characteristic behaviour or quality.
Oil will float on water.
Children will often be full of life when their parents are tired.
This car will hold six people comfortably.
II. Will/would combined with different forms of the infinitive can express
prediction, a certainty about the present or the future (in a similar way to must),
something that is proved or expected.
This will be just what she wants.—Это, очевидно, то, чего она хочет. That will
be my wife (I know that she is due to phone about this time, and I therefore
conclude that it is her who is phoning now).