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The east coast of Australia was discovered by Captain Cook in 1770, It was then first used as a colony for convicts !.
Other settlements of a few free settlers began to appear. Of these settlements Sydney was the most important; but other smaller settlements for convicts were in Tasmania, at Brisbane, and on the Swan River in Western Australia.
The early settlers were very cruel2 to the aborigines *, the people who have lived in Australia from the earliest times. They were killed or driven away from their lands.
The discovery of gold in 1851 brought very many people to Australia and the character of the colony began to change. But still, the raising3 of sheep was for a long time the most important occupation for the Australians.
1. Beginning 3
2. History of Australia 4
3. Part I 5
3.1 Geographical situation. Area 5
3.2 Relief 5
3.3 Climate 5
3.4 Animal world of Australia 5
4. Part II 6
4.1 Big cities and industries 6
4.2 The Agriculture 6
5 Part III 7
5.1. The Population 7
5.2. The political position 7
6. Dingo — Australian Wild Dog 8
7. The Strange World of Australian Animals 9
8. Some Facts About Australia 10
9. The Aboriginal Population in Australia 11
10. The map of Australia 12
11. The pictures 13
12. Finishing 14
13. The lisn of literature 15
Содержание
I decided to write about this country, because the animal world of Australia is very interesting. Australia has been called "the land of differences and the continent of contrast". Also the history is interesting too. I think, that this country is very beautiful, and you must to know about her all facts. The map help to you to learn this country.
The east coast of Australia was discovered by Captain Cook in 1770, It was then first used as a colony for convicts !.
Other settlements of a few free settlers began to appear. Of these settlements Sydney was the most important; but other smaller settlements for convicts were in Tasmania, at Brisbane, and on the Swan River in Western Australia.
The early settlers were very cruel2 to the aborigines *, the people who have lived in Australia from the earliest times. They were killed or driven away from their lands.
The discovery of gold in 1851 brought very many people to Australia and the character of the colony began to change. But still, the raising3 of sheep was for a long time the most important occupation for the Australians.
Towards the end of the 19th century, the Australian colonies began to discuss some form of union. They formed a federation, the new constitution was introduced on January 1, 1901; and the birth4 of the new nation was celebrated.
The Commonwealth of Australia is a federal state within the Commonwealth. Its territories are the continent of Australia, the island of Tasmania and a number of smaller islands. It has an area of about eight million square kilometers.
The continent of Australia is mostly a great plain with mountains in the east and south-east. The western part of the continent forms a plateau which occupies half of the continent. The Central Lowlands, a great part of which is very dry, lie between the Western Australian plateau and the Eastern Highlands. Through the eastern part of these Central Lowlands run Australia's greatest rivers, the Murray and the Darling. A number of short rivers flow from the Australian Alps and the Blue Mountains into the Pacific Ocean.
Australia has several different climatic regions, from warm to subtropical and tropical. There are tropical forests in the north-east because the winds from the sea bring heavy rainfalls, especially in tropical summer. The climate in the west is very dry and more than half of Australia . gets very little rain. In the south-west and east the winds bring rain in winter.
The tropical forests in the north and north-east are displaced by savanna or grassland. In the south-east and on the sides of the mountains there are forests of eucalyptus and other evergreen trees. There are two hot deserts in the central and western parts of the continent. There are many wild animals in Australia. Some of them, such as the kangaroo, the dingo, or wild dog, and the koala, are not found in any other country of
the world.
There are five big cities in Australia: Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth and Brisbane. Each city is the capital of the state in which it is situated. Sydney has about three million inhabitants, Melbourne has about two and a half million, the other cities are much smaller.
Australia is rich in minerals, which are mined l in different parts of the country, especially in Western Australia and in the north-east of the country.
Most of the factories are concentrated in or around the big cities. They produce goods for the motor-car, machine-building, clothing and food industries. Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Brisbane and Perth are the country's main ports.
Agriculture is the main occupation in Australia. Wheat is grown in the south and in the grassland region.
Sugar is produced along the north-east coast, while fruit-growing is developed in the south.
Australia is famous for its sheep. The great sheep-farms are called sheep stations. They are found in many parts of the country. Cattle-farming is also developed in the Northern Territory, in some parts of Western Australia, along the east coast and in the south.
Today there are about fifteen million people in Australia; most of them are of British origin.
At the end of the 18th century there were 300,000 aborigines in the country. There are now only 40,000 full aborigines and 39,000 part aborigines who live mainly in the tropical and desert areas.
The Commonwealth of Australia is a self-governing federal state and a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. Formally the head of the state is the King or Queen of England represented by the Governor-General. The Commonwealth of Australia consists of six states and two territories: New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania, the Federal Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. The Capital Territory is the land around the Federal Capital, Canberra.
The states run such things as education, police, health, railway and roads; the Commonwealth looks after the army, posts and telegraph, relations with other countries.
Australia has a parliament in each state and the Federal, Parliament of the Commonwealth at Canberra. The Federal Parliament consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The federal government of the country is headed by the Prime Minister, usually the leader of the party which has the majority in the House of Representatives. The political parties represented in the parliament are the Australian Labour Party, the liberal Party of Australia and National Agrarian Party.
The dingo is one of Australia's wild animals. It is a wild dog which kills other animals at night. It fills the silent night air with its terrible cries. It attacks and kills sheep, which are much easier to kill than kangaroos or other wild animals. To protect the sheep dingoes must be killed, especially in some parts of the country. In some districts much money is spent on hunting and killing them. Australian hunters love to tell stories of how they killed cunning old dingoes.
In colour it is reddish brown or yellow. Its feet and the end of its tail are whitish. Scientists think that it was once a pet dog of the aborigines, but then it went wild.
Dingoes have been kept as pets many times. When they are young, they are playful and amusing like any young dog. But the grown dingo can always run away and then go wild. They kill people's hens and chickens, even cats and small dogs. So the keeping of pet dingoes is not allowed in most parts of Australia.
Australia has been called "the land of differences" and "the continent of contrasts". It certainly is both. There are many ways in which it is different from other countries.
The first thing most people think of are the strange native animals. Early in the world's history Australia was separated from the other continents and her animals developed differently. Of these, the strangest of all are the waterloving platypus and the echidna. The appearance of the platypus is so unusual that when the skin of one was first sent to England some scientists said that no such animal could possibly exist.
Australia is also the home of the kangaroos.
The koala is a tree-loving, comical-looking animal, that lives on the leaves of eucalyptus trees. It will eat nothing more. It usually sleeps during the day.
The dingo, or wild dog, is the only killer among the native animals. You can meet dingoes in many parts of Australia, but most of them now live in mountains or hills. In some places they were a very great danger to sheep and many of them were killed for that reason.
The native birds of Australia are very interesting. The emu, for example, which, with the kangaroo, is represented on the Australian coat-of-arms, is the next-tallest bird in the world after the ostrich.
A typical Australian is a townsman. Only seven per cent of the population live and work like farmers. An Australian townsman dreams about life in the country, but such dreams almost never come true. He can spend time in the countryside only on Saturday or Sunday. And he goes there by car with a caravan or a comfortable tent. Yet the Australians like to think of themselves as people who are close to nature.
Schools. Most children in Australia go to district schools. But about twenty thousand children live too far from a district school. That is why they have to work through correspondence courses until the end of the secondary school stage. The children's work is checked by one or both parents and then posted to the capital. In addition to the correspondence courses there are twelve Schools of the Air, which cover twelve million square miles. The children are linked with each other and with their teachers using a two-way radio. The teachers speak to the children over the radio and the students listen, write exercises and do homework. Over the radio they and their parents can talk to the teachers. The students send their exercise-books to their teachers, and they correct them. In this way they can learn like children who go to school in the towns of Australia.
Games and Sports. About six million Australians are active in some kind of sport. Football is a very popular sport and a lot of families spend Saturday watching a match. Australians are very keen on cricket. Games like tennis and hockey are also very popular.
The Australian climate is suitable for activities like swimming, surfing and sailing. Many Australian families have boats, these can be small boats, large yachts, fishing boats and expensive power boats. Most families with a boat want to take part in the beginning of the Sydney to Hobart (in Tasmania) yacht race. Many families spend all weekend on their boats.
The aborigines who had their own rich culture, did not welcome the white people who took land. In 1788 there were about three hundred thousand aborigines in Australia. For a long time they have been a dying nation but now their living conditions are improving. The aboriginal population lives in towns, in the mining districts, on the cattle stations and in other parts of Australia.
The aborigines love music. They sing and play their instruments and dance. When they dance they put colours on their faces, arms and legs.
The aborigines say that the world is not round, it is flat. They say that there are worlds: the aboriginal world in Australia and the sky world. The sun, the moon, and star men live in the sky world.
When a man dies, the aborigines say, his spirit comes out of his body and gets into a boat. The boatman takes the spirit to an island. This island is very far from Australia. It is in the sky, higher than the sun, and there are lots of camping places there. The dead man will see all his dead friends there.
The aborigines know a lot of very old stories. They are like the old Greek and Scandinavian myths.
1. The south-east of Australia is covered with forests of eucalyptus and other evergreen trees.
2. Sydney – the biggest city-port of Australia.
Australia was discovered by Captain Cook in 1770. It was then first used as a colony for convicts.
The Commonwealth of Australia is a Federal state within the Commonwealth. Its territories are the continent of Australia, the island of Tasmania and a number of smaller islands. It has an area of about eight million square kilometers.
The continent of Australia is mostly a great plain with mountains in the east and south-east.
Australia has several different climatic region, from warm to subtropical and tropical.
There are five big cities in Australia: Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth, and Brisbane. Australia is rich in minerals. Most of the factories are concentrated in or around the big cities. Agriculture is the main occupation in Australia. This country is famous for its sheep.
Today there are about fifteen million people in Australia; most of them are of British origin.
The Commonwealth of Australia is a self-governing federal state and a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The Commonwealth of Australia consists of six states and two territories. Australia has a Parliament of the Commonwealth AT Canderra. The Federal Parliament consists of the senate and the House of Bepresentatives.
There are many wild animals in Australia. Some of them, such as the kangaroo, the dingo, or mild dog, and the koala, are, not found in any other country of the world.
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3. Коринская В.А., Щенев В.А., Душина И.В. "География".