Anthropology in Latin means

Anthropology in Latin means - the science of man. 
Since ancient times, people concerned by the question: what is man. 
Anthropology as an independent discipline began to develop in the second half of the 18th - century. Early attempts to understand man's place in nature, its similarity to other organisms, its originality, is probably as old as it is scientific knowledge in general. The main stages of anthropological knowledge coincide with critical stages of history of human society. The struggle between old and new outlook, the rise or collapse of thousands of individual destinies could not lead to a profound meditation on the essence of human nature. 
"Assignment" man, the forces that led people in the world and who armed his mind, raised above all living beings and at the same time made the victim of countless disasters and social   injustice. 
The beginnings of scientific knowledge about man appeared in the depths of ancient philosophy. 
Philosopher Anaximander the Milesian school (610-546 years. BC. E..) Sought to know the origin of all things from the very origin of life. He expressed the idea of ​​rights through a series of transformations animals. Embryos evolutionary view of man found in Democritus (about 470-380rr .. BC. E.) And Empedocles (490-430 years. BC. E.). Ancient philosophers sought to identify the main sources of differences between man and animals. 
The first use of the term "anthropology" is attributed to Aristotle, who used the word first? With regard to the physical structure of human term "anthropology" is perhaps the first found in the title of the book Magnus Hundta, published in Leipzig in 1501: "Anthropology of dignity, the nature and properties of man and the elements, units and members of the human body." Thus, in Western literature quite early had entrenched dual understanding of the term "anthropology", namely as the science of the human body, on the one hand, and the human soul - the other 
"Historical race", resulting in an opportunity to highlight the various racial groups, although it had the same color. In this context, underlined, and the physical characteristics of the Jews. Edwards had no doubt that the most likely race is the size and shape of the skull; growth and hair color are important too, but they play a minor  role 
Confidence in Edwards predominant form of the skull to distinguish races was not accidental: for decades, from the late 18th century, flourished in Europe phrenology, the "science of the study of the human skull," argued that the features of the brain skull And with certain features of it " storage "- the skull. The size of any part of the skull determines allegedly a particular characteristic of the brain, therefore, human nature can be learned by studying a particular skull. 
So, then studied anthropology racial problems, mainly related to different physical characteristics, involving for the achievement of social sciences. 
In the 19th century there was a biologically grounded theory of natural evolution. 
One of the first was the French evolutionary biologist Jean-Pierre Lamarck, who suggested that a variety of types, shapes, shades of beings is the result of their adaptation to the environment. Lengthy processes led, eventually, to change the natural forms. But the theory of Lamarck was based mainly on assumptions  and was poorly reasoned. 
 
Around the same time, finally formulated and proved the theory of evolution famous Englishman Charles Darwin, "The Origin of Species" first published in 1859. Biologist substantiate evolution in nature and formulated its most important laws: the law of natural selection and the law of the struggle for existence. 
Scientific hypotheses Darwin began to be used to develop social problems, which in turn, despite the many differences and nuances inherent in certain racial and anthropological concepts that everyone is limited reduced to the following key postulates and theses that unites these concept of "school". 
1) The evolution of "no limits" (Darwin), but if so, it is, therefore, among the people now also a process of evolution. 
So, within modern humanity can and must seek different kinds, among them - the highest. 
2) Race anthropological groups are unequal.

3) Social behavior of people and culture entirely or mainly determined by biological heredity. 
4) Mixing between races or anthropological groups harmful in terms of biological, social and cultural development. 
All this created an appropriate social climate for the introduction of racism in the spiritual life of society. 
Adolf Hitler. Hitler believe in ideas, he said that the inferior races as Jews have more in common with apes than with higher human races. Heinrich Himmler urged his soldiers to carry out their murderous orders. He argued that the Jews are no different from fleas or mice - nasty lower forms of life that deserve destruction. 
To explore in more detail the problem of racism should contact the science of genetics. 
Genetics (from the Greek genesis, meaning origin) - the science of heredity and variation of living organisms that live on Earth. And yes, we know that, since ancient times, people have tried to classify the types of human nature, to recognize natural personality, the physical characteristics of the person, on his appearance. So what in human nature laid first. Sailed environment as these factors interact in the formation of certain psychological functions. 
  
What is a gene? 
Long, geneticists do not know the answer to the question of what constitutes a gene into reality. Biologist Wilhelm Johannsen, first suggested this term, wrote about him: "Gene - short and convenient word that is easily combined with other.

" Long time gene was enveloped in the shadow of secrecy in the Soviet Union a long time (since the late 30's early 60's gg .. twentieth century.) Served as a pretext for countless accusations of geneticists in the "mystical reactionary views," "idealism" and similar sins. 
The first scientist yaks brought abstract concept of the gene to reality, was an American, Thomas Morgan 
Morgan studied the chromosomes of Drosophila - small flies. He noticed a strange thing. The size and shape of chromosomes in the cells of flies were fairly constant, and they suddenly changed - view of the flies also usually become ugly. 
Morgan concluded., That genes are located on chromosomes. Many data confirmed this hipotizu. On the question about gene - still remained not open. 
The first answer to the question of genetics gave no philosopher or a physiologist, a Czech monk Gregor Mendel, who taught physics and natural history in high school in Brno. 
As experimental plants Mendel used different varieties of ornamental pea in the middle of one genus Pisum, because plants, result of this crossing were able to reproduction. And as the experimental evidence he chose simple qualitative features like color or texture of the seeds. As it turned out, these traits are controlled by genes that contained the true dominant alleles. 
At the turn of the XIX and XX centuries science as such predicted world domination. Indeed, the twentieth century was marked by large discoveries and triumph of scientific achievements. This successful mission to the moon, andincrease life expectancy in half and achieve an unprecedented number of species Homo  Sapiens. 
At the end of the twentieth century triumphal advances in genetics, which proved that it can change the biological nature in principle all kinds of living creatures that sparked hope that genetics will manage not only physical, but also mental health , the fate of all mankind.