Adjectives

 Не began doing his exercises when I left him.

 Когда я ушел от него, он начал выполнять упражнения.  

4. Может определяться  наречием:

I don't like your speaking so loudly.

 Я не люблю, когда вы так громко разговариваете. 

5. Имеет формы  времени и залога:

 Mother disapproved of her son's having come so late.

 Мать неодобрительно отнеслась к тому, что ее сын пришел так поздно.  

1. Может иметь  артикль:

The meeting began at 7.

 Собрание началось в 7 часов. 

2. Может иметь  форму множественного числа:

 All these shuttings and openings of the door dis turb me greatly.

 Все эти открывания и закрывания дверей страшно мне мешают. 

3. Может иметь  предложное дополнение:

The doing of the exercises didn't take him long.

 Выполнение упражнений не отняло у него много времени. 

4. Может определяться  прилагательным:

My attention was attracted by his loud speaking.

 Мое внимание было привлечено его громкой речью. 

5. Не имеет форм  времени и залога. 

Nouns

 

 

In love with nouns? We also have sections on 

Plural forms of nouns

Possessive forms of nouns

An exercise in recognizing nouns

Count versus non-count nouns

An exercise in categorizing count- and non-count nouns

Compound nouns (and adjectives)  

Raindrops on roses and whiskers on kittens

Bright copper kettles and warm woolen mittens

Brown paper packages tied up with strings

These are a few of my favorite nouns 

Cream colored ponies and crisp apple streudels

Doorbells and sleigh bells and schnitzel with noodles

Wild geese that fly with the moon on their wings

These are a few of my favorite nouns 

Girls in white dresses with blue satin sashes

Snowflakes that stay on my nose and eyelashes

Silver white winters that melt into springs

These are a few of my favorite nouns 

When the dog bites

When the bee stings

When I'm feeling sad

I simply remember my favorite nouns

And then I don't feel so bad. 

Apologies to Oscar Hammerstein II,

lyricist of "My Favorite Things"

from The Sound of Music 
 

Definition 

A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Whatever exists, we assume, can be named, and that name is a noun. A proper noun, which names a specific person, place, or thing (Carlos, Queen Marguerite, Middle East, Jerusalem, Malaysia, Presbyterianism, God, Spanish, Buddhism, the Republican Party), is almost always capitalized. A proper noun used as an addressed person's name is called a noun of address. Common nouns name everything else, things that usually are not capitalized.  

A group of related words can act as a single noun-like entity within a sentence. A Noun Clause contains a subject and verb and can do anything that a noun can do:

What he does for this town is a blessing. 

A Noun Phrase, frequently a noun accompanied by modifiers, is a group of related words acting as a noun: the oil depletion allowance; the abnormal, hideously enlarged nose. 

There is a separate section on word combinations that become Compound Nouns — such as daughter-in-law, half-moon, and stick-in-the-mud.

Categories of Nouns

Click on "Noun School" to read and hear Lynn Ahren's "A Noun is a Person Place or Thing" (from Scholastic Rock, 1973).

Schoolhouse Rock® and its characters and other elements are trademarks and service marks of American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. Used with permission. 
 

Nouns can be classified further as count nouns, which name anything that can be counted (four books, two continents, a few dishes, a dozen buildings); mass nouns (or non-count nouns), which name something that can't be counted (water, air, energy, blood); and collective nouns, which can take a singular form but are composed of more than one individual person or items (jury, team, class, committee, herd). We should note that some words can be either a count noun or a non-count noun depending on how they're being used in a sentence:

He got into trouble. (non-count)

He had many troubles. (countable)

Experience (non-count) is the best teacher.

We had many exciting experiences (countable) in college.  

Whether these words are count or non-count will determine whether they can be used with articles and determiners or not. (We would not write "He got into the troubles," but we could write about "The troubles of Ireland."  

Some texts will include the category of abstract nouns, by which we mean the kind of word that is not tangible, such as warmth, justice, grief, and peace. Abstract nouns are sometimes troublesome for non-native writers because they can appear with determiners or without: "Peace settled over the countryside." "The skirmish disrupted the peace that had settled over the countryside." See the section on Plurals for additional help with collective nouns, words that can be singular or plural, depending on context.

Forms of Nouns 

Nouns can be in the subjective, possessive, and objective case. The word case defines the role of the noun in the sentence. Is it a subject, an object, or does it show possession?

The English professor [subject] is tall.

He chose the English professor [object].

The English professor's [possessive] car is green.  

Nouns in the subject and object role are identical in form; nouns that show the possessive, however, take a different form. Usually an apostrophe is added followed by the letter s (except for plurals, which take the plural "-s" ending first, and then add the apostrophe). See the section on Possessives for help with possessive forms. There is also a table outlining the cases of nouns and pronouns.  

Almost all nouns change form when they become plural, usually with the simple addition of an -s or -es. Unfortunately, it's not always that easy, and a separate section on Plurals offers advice on the formation of plural noun forms.

Assaying for Nouns* 

Back in the gold rush days, every little town in the American Old West had an assayer's office, a place where wild-eyed prospectors could take their bags of ore for official testing, to make sure the shiny stuff they'd found was the real thing, not "fool's gold." We offer here some assay tests for nouns. There are two kinds of tests: formal and functional — what a word looks like (the endings it takes) and how a word behaves in a sentence.

Formal Tests

Does the word contain a noun-making morpheme? organization, misconception, weirdness, statehood, government, democracy, philistinism, realtor, tenacity, violinist

Can the word take a plural-making morpheme? pencils, boxes

Can the word take a possessive-making morpheme? today's, boys'

Function Tests

Without modifiers, can the word directly follow an article and create a grammatical unit (subject, object, etc.)? the state, an apple, a crate

Can it fill the slot in the following sentence: "(The) _________ seem(s) all right." (or substitute other predicates such as unacceptable, short, dark, depending on the word's meaning)?

Testing the Tests: 

With most nouns, the test is clear. "State," for example, can be a plural ("states"), become a possessive ("state's"), follow an article ("a/the state"), and fit in the slot ("the state seems all right"). It doesn't have a noun-making morpheme, but it passes all the other tests; it can pass as a noun. (The fact that "state" can also be a verb — "We state our case" — is not relevant.) "Greyness" cannot take plural ending nor can it be possessive, but it does contain a noun-making morphene and it can follow an article and fit in the slot sentence. Can the word "grey," which is obviously also an adjective, be a noun? It's hard to imagine it passing any of the formal tests, but it can follow an article and fill the slot: "The grey seems acceptable." And what about "running," which is often part of a verb (He is running for office)? Again, it won't pass the formal tests, but it will fit the slot sentence: "Running is all right." (It can also follow an article, but in rather an odd way: "The running is about to begin.") "Grey" and "running" are nouns, but just barely: one is an adjective acting like a noun, and the other is a verb acting like a noun (a gerund).

Additional Help With Nouns 

A simple exercise in Naming Nouns will help answer any questions you might have about count and non-count nouns and help you distinguish between plural and singular forms.  

The categories of count and non-count nouns can be confusing, however, and we suggest further review, especially for writers for whom English is a second language. The second section we offer is called Count and Non-Count, a basic review of those concepts and their uses in sentences, with many examples. Third, we offer WORKING WITH NOUNS, a more extensive (and somewhat more advanced) review of the count and non-count distinction, along with exercises. Finally, just when you thought you couldn't stand such riches, we suggest you review the uses of Articles, Determiners, and Quantifiers with count and non-count nouns. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

International cooperation

Find calls for this theme

Objective 

To become more competitive and play a leading role globally, the European Community needs a strong and coherent international science and technology (S&T) policy with three objectives:

support European competitiveness through strategic partnerships with non-EU countries in selected fields of science and by engaging the best scientists from such countries to work with and in Europe;

enhance the production of knowledge and scientific excellence by enabling European universities, research institutions and firms to establish contacts with their partners in such third countries, thereby facilitating access to research environments outside Europe and promoting synergies on a global scale;

address specific problems that third countries face, or that have a global character, on the basis of mutual interest and mutual benefit. 

Why is it important?  

The international competitiveness of modern economies is linked increasingly to their ability to generate, adapt and use new knowledge. Science and technology (S&T) are considered to be key factors contributing to achieving sustainable development, prosperity and economic growth. S&T has also proved instrumental to enhancing and enriching many other policy areas with an impact on external relations: trade, development, environment, energy, telecommunications, etc. 

For more information on international cooperation (INCO) activities please see the International Cooperation Portal. 

Eligible Countries:  

Information on eligible countries can be found here 

What will be funded?  

Research theme-oriented international cooperation will be carried out under the Cooperation programme. 

International actions in the area of human potential will be under the People programme. 

The Capacities programme will implement horizontal support actions and measures with a focus other than a specific thematic or interdisciplinary area. It will also aim to support the coordination of national programmes on international scientific cooperation, and the various international cooperation actions under the different programmes of FP7. Initiatives under this programme will include:

Bi-regional coordination of S&T cooperation including priority setting and definition of S&T cooperation policies; bringing together policy makers, scientific community, civil society and private sector stakeholders from the EU and third countries to identify priorities and define policy orientations; implementing specific activities dedicated to strengthening participation from targeted countries and regions in FP7, including support for information points in the third countries:

Western Balkan area

Mediterranean area

EECA countries

Latin America

ACP and South Africa

Asia

Bilateral coordination for the enhancement and development of S&T partnerships:

Improving the provision of information on programs and funding designed to promote cooperation between Europe and specific third countries;

Better identifying and demonstrating mutual interest and benefit in S&T cooperation between the EU and specific third countries;

Sharing best practices via joint forums such as workshops and presenting the state of the art and the prospects for cooperation in particular fields.

Supporting the coordination of national policies and activities of EU Member States and Associated Countries on international S&T cooperation. The objective of the ERA-NET scheme is to step up the cooperation and coordination of national or regional research programmes through networking, aiming at mutual opening and the development and implementation of joint activities.

ERA-NET 'International cooperation'

ERA-NET PLUS 'International cooperation'

Calls 

The European Commission will fund International cooperation' activities by selecting project proposals submitted following the publication of a 'Call for proposals'. When the first calls of the 'International cooperation' Work Programme are published they will be announced on this page. Read more...

Budget 

The EU Member States have earmarked a total of € 180 million for funding these activities over the duration of FP7. 

International Cooperation for lasting solutions  

The European Union has developed international scientific cooperation (INCO) over the last 25 years to address the needs and opportunities of an interconnected world, and to contribute to peace and prosperity for European citizens. Europe wants to play a leading role in the world’s research arena and help build a safe future. Read more  Leaflets

Highlights

21 October 2011

STRUCTURING INTER-REGIONAL COOPERATION, INCO-NET projects

This booklet presents the activities of all INCO-NET projects which have been selected following the evaluation of the FP7 calls for proposals published in 2006, 2009 and 2010. These projects cover different regions of the world, i.e. Western Balkan Countries, Mediterranean Partner Countries, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, South East Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Caribbean and Pacific region, Arab Gulf Countries, Latin and Central America. More information and download of the publication.

11 October 2011

The Republic of Moldova joins EU Research Programme

The European Union and Moldova have today forged closer ties on research and innovation. Máire Geoghegan-Quinn, European Commissioner for Research, Innovation and Science and Gheorghe Duca, President of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Moldova, have signed a Memorandum of Understanding for the association of Moldova to the EU's Seventh Research Framework Programme (FP7). This will allow Moldovan scientists, research institutes, universities and companies to collaborate with their counterparts across Europe in key research areas, while strengthening their own research expertise and capacity. In practice they will compete for research funding on an equal footing with counterparts in EU Member States. In return Moldova with make a contribution to the overall FP7 budget, calculated on the basis of its GDP. The Republic of Moldova will be the 14th country associated to FP7. Read more in English or in Romanian.

10 October 2011

A high-level meeting between the African Union and the EU took place 10-11 October 2011 in Addis Ababa focused on promoting cooperation in science, technology and innovation in the interest of African and European societies. More background information is available here. Click here for the flash report about the outcome of the meeting.

9-13 October 2011

The 6th biennial Europan and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP) will present recent achievements in the fight against HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis in Africa in a series of events in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, timed to coincide with the agenda of research policy leaders from the African Union and the European Union. Read more

28 September 2011

The Sixth Joint S&T Committee meeting with Morocco took place in the capital Rabat. The meeting took stock of advances in S&T cooperation between the two parties supported also by external reviews, one carried out by Morocco and one by the EU. The launch conference of the institutional twinning project "Appui au Système National de la Recherche au Maroc pour une intégration à l'Espace Européen de la Recherche" was held back-to-back with the committee meeting. Read the flash note about different events on 28 September 2011. Click here for accessing a copy of the S&T cooperation agreement.

15 September 2011

Commissioner Máire Geoghegan-Quinn met with all the Ministers responsible for Science from the Western Balkans on 15 September in Brussels to discuss future cooperation on Research and Innovation (R&I). The Roundtable allowed for a good exchange of information and some key messages were passed on in preparation of these countries' ambition to join the European Union. More information and photos from the meeting.

4 August 2011

Interim Evaluation of the FP7 International Cooperation Activities - Expert Group report