Republic Turkmenistan

                                                  Republic Turkmenistan

Political structure of the country: 
The republic Turkmenistan is the unitary state with a presidential government.

Political system: 
Turkmenistan has received the state independence on October, 27th, 1991 as a result of the spent national referendum. On December, 12th, 1995 with an unanimous support of 185 countries of the world the Resolution of General Assembly of the United Nations "Constant neutrality of Turkmenistan" is accepted. 
The constitution accepted on May, 18th, 1992, is the Supreme law of the state: the norms fixed in it and positions have direct action. According to the constitution Turkmenistan - the democratic, legal, secular state which possesses leadership and completeness of the power in all territory, independently spends internal and foreign policy. The state board is carried out in the form of presidential republic.

The state in Turkmenistan is based on a principle of division of the authorities - legislative, executive and judicial. The higher official of Turkmenistan, the head of the state and executive power is the President of Turkmenistan. He heads the Cabinet - the government of Turkmenistan. The first President of Turkmenistan selects Saparmurat Niyazov. 
The first presidential elections of Turkmenistan have taken place on October, 21st, 1990. After acceptance of the new Constitution of Turkmenistan repeated presidential elections of Turkmenistan on June, 21st, 1992 have taken place. S.A.Niyazov has been unanimously selected by the President of the country. Halk Maslahaty (National Council) has appropriated to it an honourable name of Turkmenbashi that Head the Turkman "means". The popular voting which has taken place on January, 15th, 1994 - a referendum - has unanimously prolonged a term of appointment of the President of Turkmenistan.

On December, 28th, 1999 Halk Maslahaty of Turkmenistan has made the historical decision on granting to the President of Turkmenistan of Saparmuratu Turkmenbashi of the right to execute powers without term restriction. Гурбангулы ́ Mjalikgulyevich Berdymuhamedov (tourist's km. Gurbanguly Mälikgulyýewiç Berdimuhamedow) — the Turkmen statesman, since 2007 — the second president of Turkmenia. The general. The president is the Supreme commander in chief Armed forces of Turkmenistan, appoints ambassadors and the higher officials of the device of executive power, including heads of the ministries and departments. In coordination with the Majlis (Parliament) appoints and dismisses the chairman of the Supreme court, the chairman of the Higher economic court, the General public prosecutor. The constitution of Turkmenistan gives to the President the right of convocation of preschedule sessions of the Majlis, the pardon and amnesty right.

The higher representative body of people's power of Turkmenistan is Halk Maslahaty (National Council). Into structure of National Council enter: the President; deputies of the Majlis; national representatives (халк векиллери), selected the people on one from everyone district and a city equal to district; the Chairman of the Supreme court, the General public prosecutor, members of the cabinet, khyakims provinces and cities of Ashkhabad, archiny cities, and also the settlements which are administrative centers provinces and districts. 

State symbols: the flag, emblem and anthem. 
 
The flag. 
 

Flag of Turkmenistan was adopted 2/19/1992 and is a rectangular cloth with a green vertical stripe of red, burgundy, which shows, five national gels, with a white crescent and five stars. Each of the gels is framed carpet designs, the outer edge of which is aligned with the edges of the strip. At the bottom of the red-maroon band shows two overlapping at the base and upward to the opposite sides of the olive branch, symbolizing the status of permanent neutrality of Turkmenistan. They are carpeted with a single composition gels. Each olive branch consists of ten diminishing towards the ends of leaves, arranged in pairs, except for the lower and upper. On the greater part of the green in the upper left corner shows the crescent and five five-pointed white stars. 
Five national carpet gels, each of which is framed by a carpet pattern, also represent the province. At symbols carpet gels is a deep philosophical meaning. The word "gel" has different interpretations: gul (flower) or nickel (lake). All gels were built on the principle of the golden section, in the proportions of 21 to 34. At the bottom of the red-maroon band width of one-sixth of the flag - two crossed olive branches, a symbol of independence and neutrality of the nation. February 19 - National Flag Day of Turkmenistan.

Coat of Arms.

National Emblem of Turkmenistan was adopted 15/08/2003 and is octagonal in green with yellow-gold trim, which contain two circles of blue and red colors. The circles are separated by a yellow-gold stripes of equal width. On a green background octahedron around the red circle shows the major elements of national wealth and symbols of the state: 
 
• at the bottom - the seven-open bolls of cotton white with green leaves; 
• In the middle part - and ears of wheat yellow-gold color, with two ears on each side of the emblem; 
• at the top - crescent with five five-pointed stars of white. 
 
On the ring band of the red circle the size of a 2-diameter blue circle shows the clockwise five major carpet gels: Ahalteke, salyr, Ersari, chovdur, Yomut that symbolize friendship and solidarity of the Turkmen people. In the blue circle shows Yanardag - Akhal-Teke horse first and life president of independent neutral Turkmenistan, Saparmurat Turkmenbashi, Turkmens pride, the personification of the classic design unique Akhal-Teke. In 1992-2003 he was. Emblem of Turkmenistan had a round shape. According to the President of Turkmenistan Saparmurat Niyazov, who proposed to change the look of the coat of arms, Octagon since ancient times the Turkmen as a symbol of abundance, peace and tranquility.

Official language: 
Article 14. The official language of Turkmenistan is Turkmen. All citizens of Turkmenistan are guaranteed the right to use their native language. 
 
National currency: 
In accordance with the Law of Turkmenistan "On the currency of Turkmenistan" Turkmenistan is the national currency manat, which is 100 tenge. Manats as the official currency was released into circulation in Turkmenistan since November 1993. 
Matane is the sole legal tender in the territory of Turkmenistan. Use of the currencies of other countries on the territory of Turkmenistan is governed by laws of Turkmenistan and regulations of the Central Bank of Turkmenistan. 
Bank of Turkmenistan, as well as other entities in the territory of Turkmenistan are required to take notes and coins of Turkmenistan without any restrictions. Par, weight, image and other characteristics of notes and coins are legal tender in Turkmenistan, Central Bank of Turkmenistan defines. Central Bank of Turkmenistan provides the printing of banknotes (coinage), storage and transportation are not put into circulation banknotes (coins). 
Central Bank of Turkmenistan may withdraw from circulation banknotes (coins) in circulation in Turkmenistan, releasing instead of other bills (coins). Conversion of the Turkmen manat in other currencies is governed by the laws of Turkmenistan. Conditions and procedure for conversion of the Turkmen manat in other foreign currency determined by the Central Bank of Turkmenistan.

Population: 
Prevalence of Turkmenistan's population varies depending on sources, experts estimate some data below the official national sources. From the beginning. 90s. Turkmenistan's population increased by more than 500 thousand people. For a long time in Turkmenistan observed high rates of population growth, about 4.2% per year. But by 2000 this indicator has fallen to 1.58%. This is due to high levels of migration mainly Russian-speaking population of the country. Thus, by 2000 more than 250 thousand ethnic Russian left the territory of Turkmenistan, reducing the share of Russian-speaking population from 13% in 1990 to 4.4% in 2000. In 2002, the proportion of ethnic Russian was 3.5%. Another cause of decline in population growth was the increase in infant mortality. Fertility 28,55 ‰, infant mortality 73.1 people. per 1000 live births, life expectancy of 61 years, including male 57.43 years, women 64.76 years (2001 estimate). The population density - 8.9 pers. 1 km2 (1999). In 1999, the proportion of young people in the population was 38%. Literacy in the general population 98%. Teaching in secondary schools is in the Turkmen language. The ethnic composition is diverse, the country's citizens live about 40 nationalities. Turkmen constitute 77% of the total population, Uzbeks - 9,2%, Russian - 6.7%, Kazakhs - 2%, other - 5.1%.