Автор: Пользователь скрыл имя, 29 Ноября 2011 в 17:29, курсовая работа
The theme of our course paper sounds as following: «Complex Sentences in modern English». Before beginning of investigation in our theme, we would like to say some words dealt with the theme of our course paper. In a complex sentence we distinguish the principal clause and the subordinate clause or clauses. Standing on such ground, we would like to point out tasks and aims of our work. In our opinion the practical significance of our work is hard to be overvalued. This work reflects modern trends in linguistics and we hope it would serve as a good manual for those who wants to master modern English language.
E.g. I think a man like that is a real artist. – I think -…
e.g. Put the book where it belongs. – Put the book - …
3) correlation monolyth complexes, which are based on subordinate correlations. Complex sentences with restrictive subordinate clauses are included into this subtype.
E.g. The girl played the piano with such feeling as you had never experienced.
4) arrangement monolyth complexes, whose obligatory connection between the principal and subordinate clauses is determined only by the linear order of clausal positions.
E.g. If you refused her present, it would upset her.
The connection between the clauses is obligatory. Rearrangement of clausal positions turns the connection between the clauses into optional. It would upset her if you refused her present. – It would upset her. The connection between the subordinate clauses can be parallel (homogeneous, heterogeneous) and consecutive (direct and oblique).
A complex sentence is one in English in which includes, at minimum, one dependent clause and one independent clause. The dependent clause, which is also known as a subordinate clause, is connected by either a relative pronoun or a subordinate conjunction. The complex sentence can be contrasted with a simple sentence, which has no dependent clause. Other types of sentences include the compound sentence, which need to have at least two independent clauses, and the complex-compound sentence, which need to have at least two independent clauses, and at least one dependent clause.
An independent clause, one of the two critical parts of a complex sentence, is on its own a simple sentence. It is a clause which is complete in-and-of itself, with both a subject and a predicate. For example, the sentence, I like to write letters, is an independent clause. Two independent clauses may be linked together to form a compound sentence, as in, I like to write letters, and she sure likes to tango. In the compound sentence, two individual sentences, I like to write letters. and She sure likes to tango. are connected via a coordinating conjunction, and.
A dependent clause may also be known as a subordinate clause or an embedded clause, and is a clause that cannot grammatically stand alone. It should be noted that strictly speaking a subordinate clause should refer only to an adverbial dependent clause. A dependent clause, unlike an independent clause, is not complete by itself: it needs something to complete it. For example, the clause, She is, is not really complete by itself, even though it contains a subject and a predicate. To be complete, we could add a subordinating conjunction, like whoever, and link it to an independent clause. For example, the sentence Who ever she is, she sure likes to tango. is a complete complex sentence.
Aside from the simple subordinate conjunction example above, many different structures can make up the complex sentence. For example, the dependent clause may act as the subject in a complex sentence. Look at the dependent clause, How you live, which cannot stand alone. Then look at the independent clause A good job makes all the difference. In this independent clause, the subject, a good job can be replaced with many different subjects, giving us sentences like: Money makes all the difference. or The first kiss makes all the difference. We can also replace the subject with our earlier dependent clause, giving us the complex sentence: How you live makes all the difference.
A complex sentence may also include an independent clause that has been split by a dependent clause. For example, the sentence, The chair is old. is an independent clause. The clause, John is sitting in is a dependent clause, unable to sit on its own. By using a subordinator, we can put our dependent clause in the middle of our independent clause to create a complex sentence, creating: The chair that John is sitting in is old.
It’s good to notice that the order in which the dependent and independent clauses occur has no bearing on whether the sentence of complex or not, or whether the clause is independent or dependent. For example, the sentence, After the rain finally stopped, we went to the beach. is a complex sentence in which the dependent clause comes first, and the independent clause comes second. That same sentence can be flipped around to form, We went to the beach after the rain finally stopped, without changing the meaning of the sentence at all, or how the two clauses relate to one another.
2.2 Practising the complex sentence
Writers who review their folios and find a dearth of complex sentences should think seriously about training themselves to use it. Writing habits can ossify. Only rigorous intention will re-vitalise them. One strategy for brushing up on the complex sentence is to interrogate a simple statement someone makes. Then, using the simple statement as the whole or part of a basic sentence, embed it with the details the interrogation yielded. This is an example of the strategy:
1. Pick up a simple statement someone makes. (This is the simple statement picked up for the purpose of the present exercise):
Canberra's image could be shattered. copular-verb basic sentence
2. Interrogate the statement along the lines of the simple questions in the left column (below). Record simple-sentence answers in the right column.
3. Embed your basic sentence such that it will carry all the information the right-column sentences contain. What is Canberra's image? That it is a city full of fat cats.
`What are fat cats?' Very highly paid public servants.'
Is `very highly paid’ all there is to their reputation? No. They are also thought to live off taxpayers' money.
Is that all? No. People think they never see the real world.
Who has this image of Canberra?' Most people.
What might shatter this image? A report.
Where was this report tabled? In the Senate.
Has this report been released? Yes. Recently.
The result of the exercise that collected information from these statements and embedded the given basic sentence with it was this complex sentence:
Canberra's
popular image as a city populated by rich public servants who never
see the real world and live off the taxpayers' money could be shattered
by the findings of a report tabled in the Senate and recently released.
Conclusion
In conclusion of our work, we would like to say some words according to the investigation that we have done. The main aspect of our work was written in the main part of the course paper. So, here we’ll give content of it with the description of questions discussed in each paragraph.
This work is divided 4 sections. The 1 section gave the notion of sentence. In the 2nd section there described validity in the complex sentences. In the 3rd section we described complex sentence as an essential tool. In the 4th section we gave detailed information about complex sentences.
The 2nd chapter consists of 2 sections. In the 2nd chapter we described types of complex sentences and gave them in practice.
As a conclusion we would say some words about clauses
which complex sentence have . Compound sentences contain two or more
clauses of equal status. They are linked by co-ordinating conjunctions
such as and or but. When clauses are linked in a different way we create
something called a complex sentence. The term 'complex' describes the
grammatical structure and not the length of the sentence or its complexity
of meaning. In a complex sentence, one clause is grammatically superior
to the others. This clause is the main clause and any other clauses
are subordinate to it. The best way to show how this works is to take
a simple sentence and then turn it into a complex one.
Bibliography
19. http://www.google.com
20. www.english-grammar-