Виды социологических знаний в древнем Китае и Индии

Виды социальных знаний в Древнем Китае и Древней Индии

Древняя восточная философия развивалась главным образом в Индии и Китае . Индийские или индуистские школы философии можно считать старейшей школы философии.

Древняя Индийская философия

Древняя индийская цивилизация  имеет некоторые особенности:

 

*Жесткие касты социальной структуры

* Intellectual and religious passivity of  people.

 

* The priority of the irrational over  the rational.

Civilization of ancient India was formed  in the synthesis of local cultures and  alien people from the North – Aryans

The development of ancient Indian philosophy  consists of two periods: the Vedic and Classical.

Rig-Veda (Sanskrit ऋग्वेद, «Veda hymns») is a collection of religious hymns, the first known monument of Indian literature.

The word «veda» means «knowledge» and comes from the root «vid-», (Sanskrit «know»), that reconstructed from Proto-Indo-European root «weid», meaning «to see» or «to know». «Weid-» is source of English word «wit», as well as the Latin «vision».

Rig-Veda contains an extreme pluralism: the gods, people, animals, plants, elements, seasons, countries, qualities of body, spiritual abilities, etc. are animate (одушевленные) substances, which are connected with each other and can transform into one another.

 

At the heart of cosmos there is  an eternal substance – Brahman. It is identical to the eternal inner core (ядро) of the individual Atman.

The world and its phenomena are considered  as the improvement of the primary entity  (Purusha). Purusha is also understood to be the first person, which consists of castes.

Head corresponds to the caste of Brahmins (priests).

Hands – to the caste of the Kshatriyas (the military or ruling class).

Feet – Vaisya caste (merchants, artisans).

Footsteps –Sudras caste (servants).

There were also untouchables, that is, most lower of the castes.

Universal law, which operates in the  past, present and future called karma.

Samsara is a cycle of repeated rebirth.

If a person adheres to a strict  asceticism, his samsara ceases (прекращается), and he reaches a state of nirvana, that means fading. Ce’ssation (прекращение) of rebirth is called moksha.

According to a traditional principle of  classification, the schools or systems of  Indian philosophy are divided into two  broad classes, namely, orthodox (astika) & heterodox (nastika).

These are regarded as orthodox, not  because they believe in god, but because  they accept the authority of the Vedas.

To the first group belong the six  chief philosophical systems (popularly known  as sad-darsana):

• Mimamsa (Prabhakara), the tradition of Vedic exegesis (толкование) of sacrifice (жертвоприношения)
• Vedanta (Badarayana), teaching about the origin of the world from Brahman

 

• Samkhya (Kapila), the school of enumeration or “reasonable deliberation” (разумное взвешивание, обдумывание): atheistic pluralism – the first substance is not connected with the spirit

 

• Yoga (Patanjali), practice of contemplation, theoretical basis is the Samkhya, but it acknowledged (признавать) a personal God.
• Nyaya (Akshapada Gotama), the school of logic

 

• Vaisesika (Kanada), the atomistic school, looking for identify the differences among all that is opposed in the outer and inner worlds. It saw the emancipation of a human soul in the separation of soul from all material.

 

During next classical period, there appears an interest in ethical issues. Agnostics, materialists and fatalists oppose the Brahmins and the reformists.

Buddhism (Pali बुद्ध धम्म, Buddha Dhamma, “Teaching of Awakening (Пробужденный)”) is a religious-philosophical doctrine (dharma) of spiritual awakening (bodhi), which arose about in the VI century B.C. and based on the ideas of Buddha Shakyamuni

At the core of Buddhism is the  doctrine of the Four high-minded (благородный) Truths:

- suffering, 

- the origin and causes of suffering, 

- a true cessation of suffering, 

- the true ways to stop suffering.

In Buddhism it’s proposed median (срединный), or the Eightfold Path (Восьмеричный Путь) of achieving Nirvana. This path is directly related to the cultivation of three varieties of virtues: morality, concentration and wisdom.

Eightfold Path

• Righteous faith.
• The true determination (решимость).
• Righteous speech.
• Righteous deeds (дела).

5. Saintliness (Праведная жизнь).

6. Righteous thoughts. 

7. Righteous intentions (помыслы).

8. True contemplation.

Jainism preaches non-violence to all living beings in this world. Philosophy and practice of Jainism is based primarily on the cultivation of soul to attain om’niscience (всеведение), om’nipotence (всесилие) and eternal bliss (блаженство).

Lokayata (also Charvaq, Skt. चार्वाक) is a materialist doctrine of ancient India.

Lokayata is a belief in the real  world (loka) and disbelief in the existence of the underworld.

Ancient Chinese philosophy

The main features of ancient Chinese  philosophy are:

 

•  Practical orientation of philosophical constructions.
• Absence of strict categorical framework.
• The domination of the ethical issues.

Considering all things as a unity of  opposites (Yang – Yin), Chinese thinkers have explained the endless process of moving through their dialectical interaction.

In Chinese mythology, it is allocated  the highest principle, which rules the  world, the existence of things. This principle  is sometimes understood as the highest  personified ruler (Shang-di), but more often as the word “the heaven” (Tian).

 

 

During this period, freely and creatively  there were six major philosophical schools.

1) School of Confucians;

2) School of yin and yang;

3) School of moism (Mo-jia);

4) School of names (Ming-jia);

5) School of lawyers, legists (Fa jia);

6) School of Taoism (Tao Jia).

Confucianism focuses on the ethical rules, social norms and regulation control.

Confucius (551-479 BC), his name is Latinized version of the name Kung Fu Tzu (teacher Kun). He is one of the first Chinese thinkers, philosophers.

Confucianism can be considered as the  oldest school of philosophy in China.

Ethics of Confucius explaned human in  connection with his social functions, and  education is to bring people to the  execution (исполнение) of these functions.

The social order (Li) Confucius had established through the ideal of universality, respect to nature and, especially, relations between people.

This realization of functions and order  based on the order leads to the manifestation  of humanity (Jen).

 

Another important feature of the social  order is strong obedience (повиновение) to elders, respect to them.

 

State is a big family, and family is a small state.

Moists school was named after the founder Moe Dee (479-391 BC). The main attention was primarily paid to the problems of social ethics, which is connected through a strict organization with the despotic power of the head.

The whole meaning was to the ideas  of universal love (Jiang ai) and mutual benefit for people.

School of Names examined the relations of things and expression of that relationship, and then the appropriation of judgments and notions.

Legism (Bu Hei Shen, Han Feng-tzu) is formed almost as a teaching that focused primarily on issues of legislation in the era of “warring states” (5-4 centuries BC).

One of the major directions in China,  along with Confucianism, was Taoism. Taoism studied that nature, space and people find themselves in movement. Taoism began to learn universe through direct penetration into the conceptual nature of its existence.

The world is in constant motion and  change, evolving, living and acting on  impulse (спонтанно), without any reason. In ontological doctrine Tao is a central concept. The purpose of thinking, in Taoism, is “merger” (слияние) between man and nature, because of he is its part.

Lao Tzu (old teacher) is a senior contemporary of Confucius.

He wrote the book “Tao Te Ching”, which became the basis for further development of Taoism.