The role and place of sport in the history and national unity of Great Britain

 

Terminology related to the horse’s movements:

1) Gait - a gait is a term used to describe the way in which the horse is using his legs to move. The four basic gaits are walk, trot, canter and gallop. There are variations on each of these gaits and some breeds of horse have additional gaits such as the pace, amble, tolt.

2) Rassembler - a French dressage term. Means that the horse is carrying itself in balance, “on the aids”, using its belly muscles, stretching and lifting its back, with more weight on its hindquarters and less weight on its shoulders, which are therefore free to lift along with the base of the neck. A horse in the field can demonstrate rassembler but it takes time and the systematic building muscles, tendons and the horse’s understanding before a horse can be asked to work in rassembler, especially whilst carrying a rider. The English equivalent is “collection”, Fr.-rassembler-Eng.- to gather, to collect.

3. Ramener - a French dressage term. The horse’s head is positioned as nearly as possible on the vertical-a degree in front of the vertical is still acceptable, but a degree behind the vertical is not. The English equivalent is “on the bit”.
4. Impulsion - a term which describes the power and manner of a horse’s movements, particularly the use of his hindquarters, rather than the speed of the horse. A horse may be described as having an impulsive trot when he is moving forward with a clear moment of suspension between the two beats of the trot.
5. Half pass - the horse sweeps diagonally across the arena with the forelegs moving just fractionally ahead of the hind legs. Similar to leg yielding but with the half pass the horse is bent in the direction of the movement. This is much more difficult for the horse.
6. Lateral work - this term refers to any movement where the horse moves sideways rather than straightforward. Lateral work will only be introduced only when a rider has already gained some basic balance and can control his leg position.
7. Serpentines - one of the first dressage movements that the rider will be taught to give him an understanding of basic steering. Serpentines are schooling movements where the horse crosses the arena a number of times using half circles to get from the end of one crossing to the start of the next.
8. Cross Fire - When a horse's hind foot strikes the opposite front foot or leg

                              Terminology related to gambling/wagering:

1. Entry - Two or more horses owned by the same stable or in some cases trained by the same trainer and thus running as a single betting unit. A bet on one is a bet for both
2. Bettor (US) - Someone who places or has a bet. A 'Punter' in the UK. The term bettor was formed from the word “to bet” with the help of the suffix-“or”. The term was formed by means of conversion from the verb ‘’to punt’’. Chiefly British Slang -to gamble
3. Dime (US) - A bet of USD$ 1,000 (also known as a 'dime bet').
4. Daily Double - Type of wagering calling for the selection of winners of two consecutive races, usually the first and second races.  
   5) Trifecta - A wager picking the first three finishers in exact order. 
   6) Claiming Race - The horses may be purchased by a qualified, licensed person for the claiming price listed in that race.

7) Stakes Race - A race usually a feature race, for which an owner must pay a fee to run a horse

8) ADDED MONEY - Money added to the purse of a race by the racing association (or sometimes by a breeding or other fund) to the amount paid by owners in nomination, eligibility, entry and starting fees

 

 

 

 

IV The main word-building models

A great number of horseracing terms were formed by means of acronymy (or graphical abbreviation). An abbreviation (from Latin brevis "short") is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase. For example, the word "abbreviation" can itself be represented by the abbreviation "abbr." or "abbrev." There are approximately 50 abbreviations, and here are the most common, which has recently enriched horseracing terminology:

BHS- British Horse Society

HOYS –Horse of the Year Show

H/W- Heavy Weight

LDR- Long Distance Riding

SJ- Show Jumping

ODE- One Day Event

WHP- Working Hunter Pony

HH- Hands High (height of horse/pony)

CTR- Competitive Trail Ride

BHTA-British Horse Trials Association

WB- Warmblood

PB- Part Bred

RP-Ridden Pony

NF-New Forest pony

BSJA- British Show Jumping Association

FR- First Ridden

The list of words built up by means of conversion

       Conversion is a kind of word formation; specifically, it is the creation of a word from an existing word without any change in form. Conversion is more productive in some languages than in others; in English it is a fairly productive process.

• Bridle (both “to bridle a horse” and a head gear) A bridle is individually fitted to a horse. Without properly fitting the bridle to the horses’ head, the horse may be uncomfortable, and poor fitting may also result in lack of control while riding or unclear communication.
• Bat (both “to bat a horse” and a head gear with which the horse is governed) it is called so because of the resemblance to the mammal with well developed wings
• Paddock (both “to paddock” a horse means to saddle it before the raceand “a paddock” a piece of ground) Paddocking is a necessary process before each race.³

The list of words built up by means of word composition

• Saddlecloth
• Bullring
• Breakdown
• Crossfire
• Lateralwork
• Deadheat

 

The list of unstable compounds

• Hand ride (the jockey urges a horse with his hands and arms without using the whip)
• Dead track (racing surface lacking resiliency)
• Track record (fastest time for a distance at a particular track)
• Post position (position in stall in starting gate from which a horse starts)
• Morning glory (horse who performs well in the morning workouts but fails to fire in actual races)
• Blanket finish (when the horse finishes so close for the win you could theoretically put a single blanket across them)
• Bullet work (the best workout time for the distance on a given day at a track)
• Also eligible (a horse entered in a race but who can not start unless another horse is scratched or in other words properly cleaned)

 

The words built up by means of shortening:

• Clace (claiming race- syncope, medial shortening)
• Stace (stakes race- syncope, medial shortening)
• A daily ( a daily double- apocope, final shortening)

Upcoming stakes races worth $75,000 and up⁴

 

 

Conclusion

     In conclusion it will be reasonable to outline the results of the conducted linguistic research.

     In the first part of the course paper the role and place of sport in the history and national unity of Great Britain was examined in detail.

     As far as the second part is considered the structural semantic and functional adaptation of sport borrowings was examined. The second part also encompasses such aspects as: language globalization and its reflection in the contemporary Russian language, types of structural semantic adaptation of borrowed sport terms.

     It should be noted that such aspects as the grouping of the vocabulary according to the lexical meaning, and major word-building models were also tackled.

     Undoubtedly, the problems discussed in the course paper deserve further consideration, as the theme which is brought up is relevant and up-to-date in the linguistic sphere.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

¹ Богоровская Н.Г. стр 34 “Структурно-семантическая адаптация”

² Богоровская Н.Г. “Структурно-семантическая адаптация” стр. 37

³ The American Quarter Horse Journal

⁴ The American Quarter Horse Journal