Research into different types of wind generator blade

Alternative to power supply of Astana is wind power.

                                              Fig.9

There is a WPP outside the Astana on the picture.

 

Astana is in the zone of high wind loadings that does possible the usage of wind power for electricity generation in large scale.  Wind plants (WPP) can provide additional electric energy.  Usage of electric power from WPP for needs of electric heating is possible and it is very actual for the city.  It is also promoted by circumstance that the peak of electric power production on the WPP is in winter months. WPP will unload supply of coal in transport knot of the city and also will improve city ecology at the expense of harmful emissions decrease of TPP

 

 

1.4 Influence on climate. Wind power development prospects.

It is curious that approximately till the middle of 90th years of the last century USA was the first on total power of wind power installations. However in 1996 there were 55% of world wind plant capacities in Western Europe.

Electric wind-driven generators also has been changed. Till the middle of 90th of XX century most of all made wind generators in the world were with power from 100 to 500 kW. Then the tendency to release installations with a power up to 2000 kW was outlined. They were really the giant wind-driven generators, which height exceeds 100 meters. Despite of constantly increasing rates of wind plant number, the share of electric power received by wind force, is a little more than 1% of the total value of electric power production in the world. However this share is significantly higher in certain countries. (tab. 3)

Country	Wind power production
Denmark	20%
Germany	15.3%
India	5%

                                                                                                                   Tab.3

World plans of the Global world project Wind Force 12 on input of wind power capacities (production of 12% of the electric power consumed in the world by 2020 by WPP), presented in tab. 2, are very accurately carrying out.

In the basic strategic document Wind Force 12 (in edition of GWEC from 2005) it is planned the following boundaries of development world wind power to 2020. (tab. 4)

 

total rated capacity of the WPP in the world	1254 GWт
annual rated capacity of WPP in the world	159 GWт
annual electric power production of WPP in the world	3054 ТWт-h
annually CO2 emissions reduction in the world	1832 mln. ton
total CO2 emissions reduction in the world by 2020	10 771 mln. ton
annual investments in world wind power	80 bln. euro
quantity of workplaces	2,3 mln

                                                                                                                    Tab.4

 

Now almost in 50 countries in the world (unlike Russia) have laws and measures of state regulation in support of the renewable energy sources (), and in particular on wind energy.

The wind energy potential of the Russian Federation is more than 50 000 billion kW • h/year. In economic language it is an about 260 billions kW • h/year which is equal to an about 30% of the electric power made by all domestic power plants. The rated capacity of wind power stations in Russia was equal to an about 15 MWt for 2006. [8,9,10] One of the most powerful Russian wind power plants takes place near Kulikovo's settlement of the Zelenograd district of the Kaliningrad region. Its capacity is 5,1 MWt (the wind plant consists of 21 wind power installations and occupies about 20 hectares and capable to provide 145 apartments with electricity), and average annual production is an about 6 million kW • h/year. Electric energy production on WPP is shown below (tab. 5):

 

2008 year	4690 kW • h
2009 year	3538 kW • h
2010 year	3596 kW • h

                                                                                                                    Тab.5

It is worth to call the Anadyr WPP in Chukotka with the capacity of 2,5 MWt. The station production was 3 million kW • h till 2006 year, in the next years due to the lack of competent service and operating experience on similar installations the electric power production has significantly decreased. There also has been planned the construction of 17 similar wind plant which would be united in a chain, but these plans were not realized. [11]

The most different countries of the world are planning to increase significantly quantity of electric power received from wind-driven generators in the near future.

Prospects of wind generators construction of  various modification.

Sea wind generator (fig. 10)

 

Fig.10    The flying wind generator (fig.11)

          Vertical wind generator (fig. 12)

Combined wind generator (fig. 13)

Fig.12

 

 

 

Fig.13

 

Wind power usage has a thousand-year history. Wind power was used in Ancient Rome for water delivery and grain grinding.

Wind power is a renewable energy which means that the Earth makes the wind constantly, free of charge and without prejudice to environment. [12,13]

Wind power can be rather cheap if it will be used in high scale and at the first stages with state support. By some estimates the price of KW-hour can be less than 4-6 cents.

Wind power replaces the energy of thermal power plants, thereby reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases.

Wind power is available practically in any place on the planet. Somewhere the wind is weaker, somewhere is stronger, but it is practically everywhere.

Wind generators don't make harmful emissions in work process.

Wind turbines are located on masts and take very few place that allows to place them with other structures and objects.

Wind power will be especially demanded in remote places, where

the electricity delivery is complicated via traditional way.

Production and operation of wind turbines will create new workplaces.

As well as other alternative energy sources, wind power plants reduce the dependence of companies and individuals on oil and gas companies’ monopoly, i.e. create the competition which the end users must win. [14]

Emissions in the atmosphere. The 1 MWt wind generator reduces 1800 tons of carbon dioxide, 9 tons of sulphurous gas, 4 tons of nitrogen oxides of annual emissions in the atmosphere. According to Global Wind Energy Council estimates by 2050 world wind power will allow to reduce annual emissions of carbon dioxide till 1.5 billion tons.

There is a large number of harmful substances in the modern cities, including industrial enterprises’ and cars’ emissions. Natural ventilation of the cities happens with the help of the wind. Above described speed decrease can reduce city ventilation because of mass use of WPP. Especially it can cause unpleasant consequences in big cities: increase of concentration of harmful substances in the air, and as a result, the increased incidence of the population. Wind power installations produce two kinds of noise. Mechanical noise is the noise of mechanical work and electric components. [14,15]

Aerodynamic noise is the noise from interaction of the wind stream with installation blades. Noise level of an enough large wind turbine can exceed  100 DB near the wind generator next to wind wheel.

 

Low-frequency fluctuation which transmitted through the soil, is a cause of notable tinkling sound of glasses in houses at the distance of 60 m from MV class wind turbines.

Certainly, prospects are available. Wind installations help the people to receive electricity practically  from nothing, using only kinetic energy of air mass of the atmosphere more than hundred years. Thereby, in allows to save traditional types of fuel (firewood, coal, oil, natural gas), environmental pollution decreases.

Global economic crisis is developing and the successful end gives us enough reflections, especially it makes us to think of transition to alternative energy sources. High oil prices, interruptions on natural gas supply (especially to Europe) give the wind power an excellent chance for further development. It is not surprising that alternative energy power began to grow abroad after oil crisis in the middle of 70th years of the last century. In the beginning the state subsidized the wind power, but today despite of regulating by state structures the given type of power is profitable business.

By the way, there is no necessary legislative base for wind power development in Russia, that is why (also depending on absence investigations, the Kulikovsky wind plant is a gist for the Denmark authorities) ) there are no more than forty small WPP which give less than 0.1% of the energy produced in the Russian Federation. [15,16]

50 countries of the world have the wind power. The leading countries on totally rated capacities: Germany (18428 MWt), Spain (10027 MWt), USA (9149 MWt), India (4430 MWt), Denmark (3122 MWt), Netherlands (1290 MWt), China (1260 MWt) and Portugal (1000 MWt).

The wind power has been actively developing in EU countries and USA until recently, now there are many WPP in Canada, Asia, South America, Australia, Africa.

Tendency shows that not only separate houses, the whole settlements and the cities (small ones in the beginning) will start to consume the wind energy soon. One of such a "swallow" was a small town Rock Port (State of Missouri) - the first city in the USA, receiving 100% of energy from the wind plant (Wind Capital Group project). So-called "small wind power"  can be ranked as the perspective directions of power too (see our article "IT baizes: Small wind energy - for a house, for a family"). [17]

Today the wind power is a promptly developing sphere. Data proves it too – the total general capacity of wind power within the world was 120 GW in 2008. We hope that Russia won't stand aside from tendencies of alternative power development which is used the wind power for receiving electricity or heat (also inflow-outflow, geothermal sources, etc.), it is Russia’s benefit that it has enough territory and wind potential. [18,19]

 

CHAPTER 2. Research into different types of wind generator blades.

• 2.1 Research into local wind power.

We carried out wind monitoring in Astana within one month (October). Collected data shows that the wind in our region often changes its direction. (fig. 14)

 

                           Fig.14

1.2 Selection of an optimum type of  wind generator blade

         Installation of wind generator consists of:

1 . the fan (12 V)

2 . the engine (12 V) established on an arm

3 . blades (4 pcs) of various form (3 types)

4 . the voltmeter (6) for tension measurement

5 . the ampermeter (4) for current measurement

6 . resistor 1kOm

7 . Wind stream capacity of various blades is investigated by  the installation.

 

Type	U, В	I, А	P, Wт
Type1	10	2	20
Type 2	8	1.5	12
Type 3	6	1.2	7.2

 

First type i.e. parabolic form blades produce maximum capacity. Blades of such form rotate with high frequency and produce the greatest capacity. Other wind generator blades rotate with a smaller speed and produced capacity is less. Therefore I recommend to use the parabolic form blade for electric power receiving via wind generator.

 

 

Conclusion.

 

 

• The objectives were carried out, the goal was reached. The model of the created wind generator which is adapted for our region can be used for providing the electric power not only at rural schools, but also in household. Our wind generator can be considered as an instrument of essential economy of expenses on heat production, on plant cultivation in greenhouses and for decrease of consumed electric power from power supply network.

•  But the task of autonomous or nearly autonomous providing the dwelling with wind power is very difficult and the wind generator must have a diameter about 20 meters.

•  We tried to show in the work that people have to think of more effectively usage of nature sources at the expense of more optimum shapes of wing.

• We are planning to continue studying of alternative energy sources in further future.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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