Особенности Лондонского Диалекта

France and Spain = rain

Charing Cross = horse

Fleet Street = pit

Isle of Wight = right

Battle of Waterloo = stew. 

Loaf of bread means head. So, use your loaf  means “think”.

Half-inched means pinched.

Tea-leaf - thief.

In the following expressions the original motivation cannot be defind. boat race - face, rabbit and pork  - talk.

     Cockney of words can be based on the names of famous people.

Anna Maria = fire

Conab Doyle = boil

JamesFox = box

Oliver Twist = fist

Rob Roy = boy

Robin Hood = good           

Brahms and Liszt = “pissed”.

These are the most important peculiarities of Cockney. 

     “Accents are a reflection of society and as society so accents change,” said one of the professor David Crystal. These days some people use it up only for a laugh, others make money on it. [№ 4]

     From the 1980s  has begun the growth of popularity of Rhyming Slang, accompanied by the occurrence of numerous new examples in daily informal conversation has begun. Many attempts were undertaken “to fiter” at a national level the language used, by the teenagers and the young men, aspired to be distinguished and who emphasize the individuality by the invention of new idiomatic expressions. The popularity of the youth culture, in 1990 has led to surplus of rhymed slang expressions in the speech of the whole population of Great Britain. Though, undoubtedly, the most part of these novelties will die out as fast, as they have arisen. First of all it concerns the expressions containing the names of famous persons in given period of time (Tony Blair (s) = flairs or hair). Only some expressions will not lose the urgency and the individual character and will not be forgotten.

     So, Rhyming slang is very popular now.

     2.2 Cockney Rhyming slang in popular culture

• Musical artists such as Audio Bullys and The Streets use Cockney rhyming slang in almost all of their songs, while Cockney artists Chas and Dave regularly use Cockney rhyming slang in their songs. The term "Chas and Dave" is also cockney rhyming slang for "shave". Ian Dury who used rhyming slang throughout his career, even wrote a song for his solo debut New Boots and Panties! entitled Blackmail Man, an anti-racist song that utilized numerous derogatory rhyming slang for various ethnic minorities. The idiom even briefly made an appearance in the UK-based DJ reggae music of the 80s, in the hit "Cockney Translation" by Smiley Culture; this was followed a couple of years later by Domenick & Peter Metro's "Cockney and Yardie".
• Rhyming slang is also often used in feature films, such as Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (1998) (which contains a glossary of Cockney rhyming slang on the United States DVD version to assist the viewer), and on television (e.g. Minder, EastEnders) to lend authenticity to an East End setting. The theme song to The Italian Job, composed by Quincy Jones, contains many Cockney rhyming slang expressions. The lyrics by Don Black amused and fascinated the composer. Additionally, the schoolkid characters in the film To Sir With Love regularly speak in Cockney rhyming slang, which their new teacher Sidney Poitier finds impossible to understand; the film Austin Powers in Goldmember features a dialogue between Austin Powers and his father Nigel entirely in Cockney rhyming slang; and although due to its working-class origins rhyming slang is not generally associated with royalty, the character of Prince Wendell is heard to use Cockney rhyming slang on occasion in the television movie, The 10th Kingdom.
• The box office success Ocean's Eleven (2001) contains an apparent example of Cockney rhyming slang, when the character Basher Tarr (Don Cheadle) uses the slang "Barney" to mean "trouble," derived from Barney Rubble. In common usage, "Barney" does not mean trouble; it means an argument or a fight. Some argue that it is derived from "Barn Owl" which (in a Cockney accent) nearly rhymes with "row" (argument). However, the book Understanding British English, by Margaret E. Moore, Citadel Press, 1995, does not list "Barney" in its "Rhyming Slang" section. Furthermore, Slang and Its Analogues, by J.S. Farmer and W.E. Henley and originally printed in 1890, states that "Barney" (which can mean anything from a "lark" to a "row") is of unknown origin, and was used in print as early as 1865.
• If you want to hear *real* Cockney, get a Chas-and-Dave CD, a style of music called "Rockney" that I'm not even going to try to explain. "The Best of Chas 'n' Dave" or "Boots, braces and blue suede shoes. Or listen to Thrupenny Bits by The Hampton Cobblers. Or watch "Only Fools and Horses". Or "Till death do us part". Or go to Cockney On Line or to the best and most accurate guide to Cockney slang I've seen on the web London slang or simply go to a Covent Garden flower and fruit market, local pub, betting shops. [№ 10]

     The proliferation of rhyming slang has meant that many of its expressions have passed into common language, and the creation of new ones is no longer restricted to Cockneys.

     This style of rhyming has spread through many English-speaking countries, where the original phrases are supplemented by rhymes created to fit local needs. The creation of rhyming slang has become a word game for people of many classes and regions. The term 'Cockney' rhyming slang is generally applied to these expansions to indicate the rhyming style; though arguably the term only applies to phrases used in the East End of London. Similar formations do exist in other parts of the United Kingdom; for example, in the East Midlands, the local accent has formed "Derby Road", which rhymes with "cold": a conjunction that would not be possible in any other dialect of the UK.

2.3 Cockney Rhyming Slang in other languages

     Australian English shares some Cockney rhyming slang and also has many of its own terms. (See: Australian rhyming slang.) Some people have speculated that this is due to a strong formative influence of Cockneys on Australian culture.

     In the United States some common slang seems to have had its origin in Cockney rhyming slang: "raspberry" (shortened from "raspberry tart," meaning fart); "bread" (from "bread and honey," meaning money); "creamed" (from "cream of wheat," meaning "beat" — in the UK, "creamed" can also mean "exhausted," from the rhyme of "cream crackered" and "knackered"). In Herbert Asbury's The Gangs of New York, there is an appendix of 19th-century underworld slang that includes several examples of rhyming slang, such as "Cain and Abel" for a chair and table, but these usages have died out.

     In Scotland a new form of rhyming slang has developed, both in Scottish English and Scots. "Are ye corned, I said 'sit doon on yer chorus and we'll have a wee salvador.' Mine's a Mick Jagger by the way." ('Corned' is short for 'corned beef', as in 'deif', meaning 'deaf'; 'Chorus' is from 'chorus and verse', rhyming with 'arse', the British word for buttocks; 'Salvador', as in 'Dali', rhymes with 'Swallie', meaning 'drink'; 'Jagger' means lager.) It has been noted by the Edinburgh author and journalist Irvine Welsh that rhyming slang with Cockney origin is now more likely to be used and developed in Scotland than in the East End of London, giving rise to formations that rely on the Scottish accent for their effect (see 'Denis Law' = 'snow' for example).

     In Northern Ireland another form of rhyming slang has arisen. For example, "potato bread" can mean dead, while the word "loaf" (from a loaf of bread) usually means head. Also, continued from loaf of bread the word bap is usually used to describe hair.

     In the Republic Of Ireland, and mostly in Dublin, "Brown" is taken to mean "dead" (Brown Bread) and is widely used. Taxi's are widely referred to as "Jo-ers" as a result of a popular RTE tv programme in the early 1990s called "Jo-Maxi", while Cycling is referred to as George Michael-ing. "Sally", a shortened form of "Sallynogin" - a suburb of Dublin - means head. "Creamer" or "cream cracker" means "knacker" (someone down at heel, scruffy and of dubious morals) (although it does have its roots in being a derogatory term for the Irish travelling community). "I was going to George Michael home, but it was raining, so i called a Jo-er. I hit my Sally on the door getting in to the back of the Joe Maxi, and I thought I was brown! I looked like a Creamer getting out!

     So, as we can see Rhyming Cockney slang is the phenomenon which original boundaries have disappeared  and due to many factors its becoming more and more popular throughout the world. And as for Britain even the Queen allows Her Magesty to use Cockney in her Christmas Congratulation, which also proves that Cockney is a vivid, developing way of communication. [№ 6] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Заключение 

     В ходе работы над исследованием нашей  темы мы установили следующее:

     Диалект Cockney входит в Южную группу Британских диалектов. Этот «жаргон бедноты» появился в рабочих кварталах Ист-Энда как шифр, код, сленга которого без «ключа» не понять.

     Rhyming Cockney Slang имеет свои лексические, грамматические и фонетические особенности.

     Выражения этого вида представляет собой несколько  связанных слов, последнее из которых  должно формироваться со словом, которое  является истинным значением фразы. При подобном сокращении догадаться об истинном значении словосочетания гораздо труднее, а если в предложении содержится два и более подобных сленговых элемента, смысл фразы кажется полным абсурдом. Отсюда – и часто возникающие конфузные ситуации: когда один из собеседников, одинаково хорошо владеющих английским, понимает отдельные слова из речи второго, но никак не может найти смысл в его высказываниях.

     Современный Cockney Slang можно встретить не только на улицах Лондона, он давно «перерос» рамки своей территории.

     Диалект можно встретить в произведениях  как классических авторов, так и  в современной популярной культуре.

     Являясь одним из самых популярных диалектов  Английского языка, Cockney оказал влияние на развитие Австралийского, Американского, Шотландского и Северо-Ирландского диалектов.

     Таким образом, данная работа может быть полезна  и интересна тем, кто серьезно изучает культуру, историю и язык удивительной страны Великобритании.

                  
 

     Appendix 1.  

     Тhe original territory where Cockney appeared. 
 

       
 
 
 
 
 
 

Список  литературы 

1. Балк  Е. А. Причудливый английский. – М.: ЗАО «Издательство НЦ  ЭНАС», 2001 – 165с.

2. Sokolova K.P. “English Phonetics. A theoretical course”.

3. http://www.multitran.ru

4. E. Partridge, H. C. Wyled Slang To – day and Yesterday, London, 1920.

5. Audio CD Bully’s the streets.

6. журнал "Обучение за рубежом", №11 2002, автор: Бараш Ольга.

7. журнал "Обучение за рубежом", № 4 апрель 2000, автор: Джеймс Гэвин.

8. Coleman S. I. Dialect, Jordon and Slang. London,1980

9.http://www.enciklopedija.info/topic/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8.html.

10. http://www.multitran.ru/Tabu1.htm 11.

11. Wakelin M. E. English Dialects. An Introduction. London, 1992.

12. DVD «My fair lady».

13. I. V. Arnold “Lexical modern English language”.