Origin of elements of travel

Origin of elements of travel

As researches of archaeologists and historians, already in the deep testify

To antiquity to the primitive person it was peculiar regular кочёвка.

Constant searches of food forced the person to make long transitions,

It is good to be guided by districts. Thus the person followed

Certain ways, quite often using the paths heated by the wild

Gregarious animals. It is caused by hunting for them.

Almost at all primitive tribes and nationalities was widespread

Custom of mutual visiting of the various groups belonging to one or

To different tribes. Such visits – an everyday occurrence at the same Australians.

Eskimos at all difficulties of the message in the Arctic conditions constantly

Made very much long trips to visit the friends. These

Mutual travel and entertainments have played a huge role in culture development in

Primitive times, being ways and means of a cultural exchange. Visits

Were quite often dated by then when for the given group was available in

Abundance food: by a season of maturing of fruits, at the right time улова fishes, gathering

Crop etc.

Travel to the ancient world 

If the person in a primitive society had only some landowners'

Representations about surrounding district, the ancient people which have entered in

Absolutely economic development during an epoch of a slave holding society, already

Did attempts of ordering of geographical knowledge of a part known for it

The earths and explanations occurring in the nature. It is possible to judge it on the reached

To us to data on wanderings, travel, campaigns.

The Egyptian papyruses testify that ancient Egyptians

Long trips were made. For example, in reign of Pharaoh Assa, in

The epoch which has been kept away from us more than for 60 centuries, the Egyptian military leader

has made swimming in far-away country Punt. Other Egyptian

Traveler Kirkuf, having gone to the southern countries, has reached «the Countries

Happy »which was further Punta, whence has taken out the dwarf, a kind

Which «has installed pleasure and love in heart of the Pharaoh».

Chineses since prehistoric times have started to make cards. Still B.C. in

China there was a special bureau on manufacture of mapping photographies.

Moreover, ancient Chineses had a geographical literature, in that

Number the book of the rivers, the book about the seas and mountains, the book on geography of China - "Juking".

Blossoming of economy and culture of the period of Roman empire has found reflection in

Development and external political, economic and a cultural contact. To it

Time can carry the beginning of tourism for the purpose of treatment of various illnesses.

Doctors recommended to patients to replace a climate, to leave in village or in mountains

, In pine woods or on waters.

Travel to Roman empire were safe and are to some extent convenient.

The traveler left the Gadriansky wall in the north of Italy and traveled 8 thousand in km

To Ethiopia on good roads. By means of post-horses of horses it was possible

To overcome the big distances for short time intervals.

In I century BC In  The Roman  empires have arisen the state coaching

The court yard which were on distance of one day of driving on a horse. Coaching

Court yard settled down in cities and on the main roads on which passed

Couriers and civil servants from Rome up to Asia Minor and Galicia.

Already ancient Romans had a certain classification of the hotel

Economy. There were two types of "havens" in a province and in the Rome:

One of them intended only for patricians (мансионас), another - for

Plebeians .During trips Romans used the special

Cards - guidebooks.

The Roman hotel represented premises for travelers,

  Stable, well, bench with provisions. The hotel has been constructed of a stone and

Chalk. Some hotels served only officials on the special

    To diplomas which those took with themselves during travel. This tradition

  Has remained till now: there are special premises for especially important

             Persons at some airports, ports, at stations.

Campaigns and Middle Ages travel

   The Venetian merchant of Marko was the well-known traveler of the Middle Ages

Polo which not only has made travel from Europe to Golden Horde, but also

               Has served at court of the great khan almost 25 years.

    The big impression on Marco Polo was made by system of means of communication,

Established on all Mongolian empire, and especially in China, where Hubilaj -

            It has been brought by the khan almost to perfection.

From Hanbalyka to all main provinces of China there were the main roads surrounded

 Trees. On distance from 175 to 210 km one from another in occupied and to

28 km in deserted districts have been constructed the big buildings-stations, well

  Equipped and supplied with any stocks of provisions, so-called

   Holes. Marco Polo, on service of the khan the traveled all China up and down,

Informs that these "holes" were so are well arranged that «even the king, if

   It had to stop here, would remain it is happy ». In each room

      Were available silk beds, pure silk linen and all necessary

         Accessories which could be necessary for the traveler.

  At each hole there were stables on 200-400 horses. Sometimes in deserts instead of

     Them camels contained. In each such station house-hole was

  The inspector who was watching that horses and coachmen were always on call.

  Between the big post stations on distance of three miles one from another

  Substations for messengers-pedestrians who couldn't quickly have been located

  To run more than 21 km. For the fastest mail on these substations held and

  Post-horses of horses. In this case were available not only horses, but also messengers.

Coming nearer, the first messenger called in a hand bell, suspended to a belt, giving

   To know about the arrival to the second messenger who took mail, jumped on

               The horse prepared for it also rushed further.

   Polo has returned in 1295г. To Venice, has taken part in war with Genoa, was

     It is captivated and, sitting in a dungeon, has dictated stories about the travel

   To companion on the conclusion пизанцу Rustichiano whom named: «the Book of Marko

                         Polo about a variety of the world ».

Travel and opening XV - XVI centuries

      H.Columbus was born in October, 1451 in Italy, near to Genoa.

   It is not known, whether H.Columbus and where or was the ingenious self-educated person studied, but

  Undoubtedly that he read at least in four languages - Italian,

  Spanish, Portuguese and Latin, read much and very attentively. About

  It the Imago testifies Columbus's marks on fields of the book of Pierre де Ali«

       Мунди »under which influence have substantially developed

  Columbus's geographical representations. It is known also that he participated in

  Several swimmings to coast of Guinea, but not these swimmings attracted it. It

   Bore the project of the shortest way from Europe to Asia through Atlantic

                                   Ocean.

Early in the morning on August, 3rd, 1492 caravels of "Santa-Marija", displacement nearby

  100 tons, "Pint" (painted) and "Ninja" (child) displacement of 40 tons

  Have weighed anchor and, having left behind a shallow of Saltes in Andaluzii, were started up in

               Unknown distance on waves of Atlantic ocean.

 On October, 12th 1492г. Columbus has seen for the first time New World coast. It was the island,

To which an admiral has appropriated the Christian name San Salvador, and this day

                      It is considered the opening day of America.

    Columbus has made four swimmings in which result has begun

   To opening of continent - South America and isthmuses of Central America. It

The increasing Antilles islands - Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica and Puerto Rico are opened,

    The central part of the Bahama archipelago, the majority Small Antilles

   Islands from Dominica to Virginsky inclusive, and also Trinidad and a number

                      Small islands in Caribbean sea.

      Differently, Columbus has opened all major islands American

  The Mediterranean also has begun opening of double western continent,

                 Which later has received названпие Americas. 

Tourism in pre-revolutionary Russia and the USSR 

       The first tourist organizations in Russia have arisen on caucasus.

In 1877 in Tiflise at the Caucasian society for the first time there was an Alpine club.

In the end of XIX century in Russia there are first tourist firms. So, in 1885

   In Petersburg Leopold Lipsona's enterprise opens. The firm took on

    Itself the obligation to acquaint tourists during travel with all

                 Sights along the line.

    In the end of XIX century among Russians the increasing popularity is received by the second

  Mountain area – Crimea. Which it was easily possible to reach as overland,

     And the sea. Besides, Crimean mountains drew travelers

 Availability of the heights, affinity of the warm sea. By this time Crimea became

It is known also for the medical climate favorable for people with diseases

 Respiratory system. It also has made its most visited area of rest in

                                   Russia.

In Yalta in the late eighties there was «a Circle of fans of the nature, mountain sports and

    The Crimean mountains », much made for development of tourism and travel. 25

     January, 1890 on its basis the Crimean mountain club has been formed, on

  Which meeting the board from 15 persons is selected. Thus in the end

XIX – the beginning of XX centuries in Russia (by an example of some European countries) were

      The first organizations on tourism which have begun are formed

  To acquaintance and studying Caucasian and Crimean mountains. And though their activity

  Hasn't got wide scope, they promoted formation turistsko -

                           Excursion work.

       In second half XIX century in Russia there is a number tourist and

 Excursion societies. The Society of fans of natural study was one of them

(ОЛП) which members carried out excursions and travel for the purpose of studying

               Geography, geology, ethnography, flora and fauna.

The most mass tourist the organization Russian was the organization of pre-revolutionary Russia

    Turing-club. It was a member the international tourist of the organization,

        Maintained relations with foreign societies and had there the

     Representatives. With separate turing-clubs of the European countries were

      Agreements on mutual reception and service of these members are entered into

   The tourist organizations. The club published magazines «Russian tourist», and also

                                 Year-book.

  Gradually Russian turing-club has turned to the Russian society of tourists

  (MOUTH) which activity has extended through branches and on many

  Regions of Russia. The geography of activity of a society was enough wide.

 So, in 1903г. Its members have been registered in 174 Russian cities, and

     Also in Turkey, Italy, Korea. Japan. The primary goals of a society

   Carrying out of collective trips, the organization of hotels in different were

            Cities of Russia for reception of tourists, the edition of magazines.

               Excursions were organized as well abroad.

  Thus, the tourist and excursion organizations promoted more

    To wide development of tourist movement in Russia, carrying not only

  Entertaining, but also practical character. However this movement didn't become

    Mass, and the begun First World War in general has stopped everyone

                          Tourist activity.

The first round-the-world travel

  On August, 15th, 1894 рижанин Konstantin Konstantinovich Rengarten since the childhood

    Was fond of travel: has visited the Western Europe, Asia, Africa. But

   Round-the-world travel, on preparation to which was treasured dream

  10 years have left. And here in four o'clock in the morning has begun the travel calculated on

Four years. The first part of a route by the European part of Russia has passed through

    Двинск, Vitebsk, Smolensk, Orsha, the Eagle, Rostov to th - Don, Tiflis and in

                Mountain Ararat area has crossed border of Russia.

  71 day Rengarten went across Persia on the east. Having bypassed from the south Caspian sea and

  Kopet-Dag, it has again crossed border of the Russian empire and through deserts and

Oases of Central Asia and Kazakhstan with caravans the Turkman and Kirghiz has gone

     In Tomsk, therefrom further to Baikal. From lake Baikal one has begun of

    труднейших the travel stages which most part passed through

       Desert Gobi. As one dark desolate night remembered later

               The traveler of 36 days spent in desert.

Having passed Northern China, Rengarten by a steamship has gone to Japan, on

 Which traveled four months. Having crossed by a steamship Pacific ocean, it

  Has arrived to the USA, then has gone to France and has reached the most western point

   On peninsula Brittany, therefrom has begun the last stage to Riga through

                       Paris, Munich, Dresden, Berlin.

   Triumphal arch from the colors, erected in honor of Rengarten, have met

                    Travelers on Russian border.

      The special trace in the history of the Russian tourism has left Anisim Petrovich

    Pankratov – the person of a peace trade, hour affairs the master in Harbin.

     The desire to look at light has compelled it to leave the affairs, to sit down on

    The bicycle also has gone on August, 10th 1911г. In a trip round the world,

  Which was finished on July, 28th, 1913 by A.Pankratov has passed on roads of Europe,

 The USA, Japan and China, having overcome about 50 thousand in km. During stay in a way

  52 tire covers, 36 chambers, 9 chains, 8 pedals, 4 saddles, 2 wheels have been replaced and

                          A considerable quantity of spokes.

Tourism development in the USSR

         In the scientific literature it is accepted to allocate some stages of development

     Tourism in the USSR. The first (1917 – 1936гг.) – it is characterized by creation

Social and economic conditions, origin and organizational formation

     Excursion and tourist movement. In the conditions of restoration and

    Reconstruction of a national economy, cultural revolution expansion

        The first establishments of proletarian tourism called are created

  To make active mass rest of workers, to satisfy their requirements in

  Studying of cultural values and the Native land nature. In the field of the international