Автор: Пользователь скрыл имя, 07 Марта 2013 в 10:29, курс лекций
В данной работе изложен материал по английскому языку.
Дніпропетровський національний університет
Факультет української й іноземної філології
та мистецтвознавства
Кафедра перекладу та лінгвістичної підготовки іноземців
O.І. Панченко
ТЕОРІЯ І ПРАКТИКА ПЕРЕКЛАДУ
(Конспект лекцій)
Дніпропетровськ
ДНУ
2008
Дніпропетровський національний університет
Факультет української й іноземної філології
та мистецтвознавства
Кафедра перекладу та лінгвістичної підготовки іноземців
O.I. Panchenko
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TRANSLATION
(Lecture Notes and Tests)
Дніпропетровськ
ДНУ
2008
Lecture 1
THEORY OF TRANSLATION AS A SCIENCE
Translation and art are twin processes. Octavio Pas
PLAN
The subject and tasks of the science.
Translation is a peculiar type of communication – interlingual communication.
The goal of translation is to transform a text in the Source Language into a text in the Target Language. This means that the message produced by the translator should call forth a reaction from the TL receptor similar to that called forth by the original message from the SL receptor. The content, that is, the referential meaning of the message with all its implications and the form of the message with all its emotive and stylistic connotations must be reproduced as fully as possible in the translation as they are to evoke a similar response. While the content remains relatively intact, the form, that is, the linguistic signs of the original, may be substituted or replaced by other signs of the TL because of structural differences at all levels. Such substitutions are justified; they are functional and aim at achieving equivalence.
Equivalent texts in the two languages are not necessarily made up of semantically identical signs and grammatical structures and equivalence should not be confused with identity.
LECTURE
EQUIVALENCE
Equivalence is the reproduction of a SL text by TL means. Equivalence is not a constant but a variable quantity and the range of variability is considerable. The degree of equivalence depends on the linguistic means used in the SL texts and on the functional style to which the text belongs. E.g.:
Early December brought a brief respite when temperatures fell and the ground hardened, but a quick thaw followed.
В начале декабря наступила краткая передышка, температура понизилась, земля замерзла, но потом быстро началась оттепель.
The messages conveyed by the original and the translaton are equivalent as every semantic element has been retained although some changes have been made in strict conformity with the standards and usage of the Russian language.
TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE
Equivalence implies variability and consequently several types of equivalence can be distinguished.
First Type – Formal Equivalence.
Children go to school every morning.
Дети ходят в школу каждое утро.
The content, the structure of the sentence and the semantic components (language units) are similar. Each element of the SL text has a corresponding one in the TL text. But such cases of complete similarity are rather rare.
Second Type – Partial Correspondence Equivalence.
Non-corresponding elements may be lexical, grammatical or stylistical. Equivalence of the second type is usually achieved by means of various transformations: substitution or replacements (both lexical and grammatical), additions and omissions, paraphrasing and compensation.
All through the long foreign summer the American tourist abroad has been depressed by the rubber quality of his dollar.
Во время продолжительного летнего пребывания за границей американских туристов угнетало непрерывное сокращение покупательной способности доллара.
Although a considerable degree of equivalence has been achieved a number of transformations, certain losses have been incurred, namely, compactness and vividness. They are accounted for by existing discrepancies in collocability (valency).
Attention should be paid to the Stylistic aspect of equivalence because of its importance in achieving the second type of equivalence. The stylistic aspect of equivalence implies the rendering in translation of stylistic and emotive connotations. Stylistic connotations presuppose the use of words belonging to the same layer of the vocabulary (literary, neutral and colloquial). Emotive connotations presuppose the use of words evoking similar connotations. The following example illustrates the rendering of stylistic connotations:
Delegates to the conference in San Francisco, April, 1945, from European countries have been traveling three weeks. The German U-boats which were hanging around were most effectively scared off by depth-charges from accompanying destroyers.
Делегаты из европейских стран на Конференцию в Сан-Франциско, открывшуюся в апреле 1945 г., находились в пути почти три недели. Глубинные бомбы сопровождавших эсминцев успешно отгоняли германские подводные лодки, которые все еще шныряли в океане.
The coll
Ночью прохожие видели нестерпимо-яркий мертвенный свет не прикрытого щитом уличного фонаря.
Attention should also be drawn to the Pragmatic aspect of equivalence.
Pragmatic equivalence can be achieved only by means of interpreting extra-linguistic factors.
Mr. Healey by his decision presented a Christmas package so small that it is hardly even a Christmas stocking-filler.
Меры, на которые решился министр финансов Хили перед самым рождеством, были такими куцыми, что их едва ли можно назвать рождественским подарком.
The literal translation of “a Christmas stocking-filler” – “что они едва ли могли наполнить рождественский чулок” would hardly convey any sense to the Russian receptor unfamiliar with the custom. In this case the pragmatic aspect motivated the translation “a Christmas stocking-filler” by “рождественский подарок”. The addition of the words “министр финансов” is also necessitated by pragmatic considerations.
Here is another example of interesting substitution.
The Elgin marbles seem an indisputable argument in favor of the preservation of works of art by rape.
Статуи
и фриз, снятые лордом Элгином с
Парфенона и увезенные в Англию
The substitution of the subject and the addition of the participle construction convey the necessary pragmatic information. If a detail denoting some national feature is not important enough it may safely be omitted, e.g.
He could take nothing for dinner but a partridge with an imperial pint of champagne (J. Galsworthy).
За обедом он съел только куропатку и запил ее бутылкой шампанского.
The word “imperial” does not convey any significant information and may therefore be omitted in the Russian translation without impairing equivalence.
The pragmatic aspect of the content is sometimes closely interwoven with the linguistic aspect and their interaction also requires explanatory additions, e.g.
I was sent to a boarding school when I was very little – about five – because my mother and father … couldn’t afford anything so starchy as an English nurse or a French governess (Ilka Chase).
Меня отправили в пансион, когда я была очень маленькой, мне было лет пять, потому что мои родители не могли позволить себе ни настоящей английской няньки в накрахмаленном чепце и переднике, ни чопорной французской гувернантки.
The difficulty there lies not only in the pragmatic aspect of the adjective “starchy” but also in its use in two meanings, direct and indirect, simultaneously (1. накрахмаленный; 2. чопорный).
Third Type – Situational or Factual Equivalence.
The content or sense of the utterance is conveyed by different grammatical and lexical units.
Situational equivalence is observed when the same phenomenon is described in a different way because it is seen from a different angle, e.g.
The police cleared the streets.
Полиция разогнала демонстрацию.
Unemployed teenagers are often left without means of gaining food and shelter.
Безработные подростки часто оказываются без средств к существованию.
Hold the line.
Не кладите трубку.
The Commonwealth countries handle a quarter of the world’s trade.
На страны британского содружества приходится четвертая часть мировой торговли.
This type of equivalence also comprises the translation of clichés, orders, warnings and notices, phraseological units and set expressions, formulae of politeness, etc.
There were no survivors.
Все погибли.
Fragile – осторожно, стекло;
Keep off, wet paint – не садиться, окрашено;
Many happy returns of the day – поздравляю с днем рождения.
In this way, the third type of equivalence conveys the sense, the meaning of the utterance without preserving its formal elements.
(For a detailed analysis of the levels of equivalence problems and the structural level patterns the reader is referred to the studies of Soviet linguists В.Н.Комиссаров «слово о переводе» and В.Н.Крупнов «сборник научных трудов», вып. 203, с. 183-199).
LEVELS OF EQUIVALENCE
Equivalence may occur at different linguistic levels: phonetic, word building, morphological, at word level, at phrase level, at sentence level and finally at text level.
Phonetic level of Equivalence
The sound form of corresponding English and Russian words seldom coincide, consequently this level of equivalence is not common and is of primary importance only in poetic translation.
Word-building Level of Equivalence
e.g.: irresponsible – безответственный; unpredictable – непредсказуемый; counterbalance – противовес, еtс.
Morphological Level of Equivalence
e.g.: The report’s proposals were handed to a political committee.
Предложения доклада были переданы политическому комитету.
Equivalence at Word Level
e.g.: She clasped her hands round her handbag. (Agatha Christie).
Она крепко сжала в руках свою сумочку.
Equivalence of Phrase Level
Equivalence at phrase level is of two kinds: a SL word corresponds to a TL phrase (to negotiate – вести переговоры), a SL phrase corresponds to a TL word (Hippies are in revolt against an acquisitive society. – Хиппи восстают против потребительского общества).
Equivalence at Sentence Level
It occurs: a) in phraseology – two is company, three is none – третий лишний; b) in orders and regulations – keep off the grass – по газону не ходить.
Equivalence at Text Level
It is usual in the translation of poetry as seen in the translation of William Blake’s stanza by S. Marshak.
4. В одно мгновенье видеть вечность,
1. Огромный мир – в зерне песка,
The translation by S.Marshak may be regarded as excellent. The text as a unity is reproduced most fully and this conception of unity justifies the change in the order of the lines within the stanza.
A strict observance of equivalence at all levels ensures a similar reaction on the part of the S and T language receptors and can be achieved by means of functional substitutions.
LECTURE
TYPES OF TRANSLATION
Good theory is based on information gained from practice. Good practice is based on carefully worked-out theory. The two are interdependent. (Larson l991, p. 1)
The ideal translation will be accurate as to meaning and natural as to the receptor language forms used. An intended audience who is unfamiliar with the source text will readily understand it. The success of a translation is measured by how closely it measures up to these ideals.
The ideal translation should be…
Translation is a process based on the theory that it is possible to abstract the meaning of a text from its forms and reproduce that meaning with the very different forms of a second language.
Translation, then, consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural context. (Larson l998, p. 3)
Diagram from Larson l998, p. 4
In practice, there is considerable variation in the types of translations produced by translators. Some translators work only in two languages and are competent in both. Others work from their first language to their second language, and still others from their second language to their first language. Depending on these matters of language proficiency, the procedures used will vary from project to project. In most projects in which SIL is involved, a translation team carries on the project. Team roles are worked out according to the individual skills of team members. There is also some variation depending on the purpose of a given translation and the type of translation that will be accepted by the intended audiences.
Good theory is based on information gained from practice. Good practice is based on carefully worked-out theory. The two are interdependent. (Larson l991, p. 1)
The ideal translation will be accurate as to meaning and natural as to the receptor language forms used. An intended audience who is unfamiliar with the source text will readily understand it. The success of a translation is measured by how closely it measures up to these ideals.
The ideal translation should be…
Translation is a process based on the theory that it is possible to abstract the meaning of a text from its forms and reproduce that meaning with the very different forms of a second language.
Translation, then, consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural context. (Larson l998, p. 3)
Diagram from Larson l998, p. 4
In practice, there is considerable variation in the types of translations produced by translators. Some translators work only in two languages and are competent in both. Others work from their first language to their second language, and still others from their second language to their first language. Depending on these matters of language proficiency, the procedures used will vary from project to project. In most projects in which SIL is involved, a translation team carries on the project. Team roles are worked out according to the individual skills of team members. There is also some variation depending on the purpose of a given translation and the type of translation that will be accepted by the intended audiences.
The following three types of translation can be distinguished: equivalent translation, literal translation and free translation.
Equivalent translation
Equivalent translation has been considered in the preceding pages. Achieving equivalence is the goal aimed at in translation.
Literal translation
In spite of the fact that there are cases of semantic and structural coincidences they are rather an exception. A literal or word translation is obviously unacceptable because it results in a violation of form, or a distortion of sense, or both.
No desire on the part of the translator to preserve in his translation the lexical, grammatical or stylistic peculiarities of the original text can justify any departure from the norms of the TL.