Language dialects of English

Table 1

Northern dialects	1) Northumberland, North Durham; 2) Southern Durham, most of Cumberland, Westmorland, North    Lancashire,  hilly part of the West Riding of Yorkshire;  3) East Riding and North Riding of Yorkshire.
Medium dialects	1) Lincolnshire; 2) south-east Lancashire, sowing - East Cheshire, northern West Darbyshire; 3) northern-west Lancashire, southern, Ribble; 4) the average Lancashire, Isle of Man; 5) South Yorkshire; 6) most of Cheshire, North Staffordshire; 7) most of Darbyshire; 8) Nottinghamshire; 9) Flint and Denbigh; 10) east Shropshire, South Staffordshire, much of Warwickshire, South Darbyshire, Leicestershire.
Eastern dialects	1) Cambridgeshire, Rutland, North - East Northamptonshire; 2) most of Essex, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Bedfordshire, Northamptonshire middle part; 3) Norfolk and Suffolk; 4) most of Buckinghamshire; 5) Middlesex, South East Buckinghamshire, South Hertfordshire, South-West  Essex.
Western dialects	1) the west and south Shropshire (to the west of the River Severn); 2) Herefordshire, except eastern part, Radnor, eastern Breknoka.
Southern dialects	1) part of the Pembrokeshire and Glamorganshire; 2) Wiltshire, Dorsetshire, northern and eastern part of the county Somersetshire, most of Gloucestershire, south-west of Devonshire; 3) a large part of the county Hampshire, Isle of Wight, the majority of Berkshire, southern part of Sussex, app. part of Sussex; 4) sowing. Gloucestershire east. Herefordshire, Worcestershire, southern part of the county of Warwickshire, North Oxfordshire, South-West Northamptonshire; 5) most of Oxfordshire; 6) north of Surrey, north-west of Kent, 7) most of the counties of Kent, East Sussex; 8) West Somersetshire, northern-east Devonshire; 9) East Cornwall, most of Devonshire; 10) West Cornwall.

 

One of the main features of contemporary British regional dialects (and dialects of other languages​​) is their conservatism.

These or other deviations from the literary standard due mostly not evolution, namely the lack of evolution: the dialects are still many language phenomena of different periods in the history of language, as well as various foreign-language bedding - Scandinavian, Norman, etc.

Another feature of modern English dialects is their variability at all language levels (phonetics, grammar and vocabulary in particular). 

Many authors also point to the fact that the characteristic feature of a system of dialects so-called "redundancy". Have in mind, for example, such speed, used in Ireland as: It's sorry you will be instead of «You will be sorry» or paraphrases like "I do love" instead of "I love", used in the south-western counties, piling negatives in a phrase, etc.

As already mentioned above, the dialect - is a territorial or social dialect (language variants, used by one or another social group, or a group of people).

Social dialects include a number of functionally and structurally different phenomena:

1. Professional dialects - kind of social dialect, uniting people of one profession or one occupation. Slang (slang), dialects, consisting of more or less randomly chosen, modify and combine the elements of one or more natural languages ​​and used (usually in oral communication) a particular social group to linguistic isolation, separation from the rest of the language community, sometimes as secret languages.

It may be noted such varieties of English slang, as:

a) the "reverse slang": for example, yob instead boy;

b) "central Slang": for example, ilkem instead of milk;

c) "rhyming slang": for example, artful dodger instead lodger;

g) the so-called «medical Greek»: for example, douse-hog instead of house-dog.

All these types of slang are used to make language of a certain social group unclear for the uninitiated. With jargon is not specific distortion of existing words in the language, but also the numerous borrowings, the appearance of which is often modified so that they do not differ from the remaining words of the language.

Highly specialized nature of the jargon can be illustrated on the material of the vocabulary typical of various educational institutions: beyond the institutions specified vocabulary either not used or used in a different sense. For example, at Eton, the following jargon: scug «scrub», «scoundrel», tug «college student», in Westminster School: bag «milk», beggar «sugar», in Winchester College: to go continent «stay home», tug «tasteless», stale «normal, simple».

As rightly pointed out by Professor R.A Budagov, "public nature of language determines not only the conditions of his existence, but all of its features, especially its vocabulary and phraseology, grammar and style". [2; 210]

2. A special position among the social dialects of English is so-called slang. Under this concept is often summed up the most diverse phenomena of lexical and stylistic plan. Leading researcher English slang E. Partridge and his followers define slang as prevalent in the field of spoken very fragile, unstable, not codified, and often does erratic and random set of tokens that reflect social consciousness of people belonging to a particular social or professional environment. Slang is seen as a conscious, deliberate use of elements of common-literary vocabulary in spoken language in a purely stylistic purposes: to create the effect of novelty, unusual, different from the approved model, to transfer certain mood of the speaker, to give a concrete utterance, liveliness, expressiveness, precision, and, to avoid cliches. This is achieved, according to researchers, the use of such stylistic means as a metaphor (as Chesterton: «All slang is metaphor»), metonymy, synecdoche, litotes, euphemism.

Dialects and literary standard (exemplary, normalized language, rules which are perceived as "right" and generally binding and which is opposed to dialects and colloquialisms) is inextricably linked not only because it appears dialect based on the standard, but also because, as a rule, locale is formed on the basis of dialect speech. Literary standard of English is no exception: in the 15th century. Britain abounded presence of many different dialects, to the extent that, as the inflow of population from the countryside to the city, these dialects are more and more confused and as a result formed locale (can you say that, initially, it was a form of London south-eastern dialect). Over time, this language was improved and was recognized as the language that is spoken by the educated part of the population. 

But it would be wrong to assume that the standard - is recorded form of pronunciation, which is not subject to change. The natural evolution of the language, as well as various extra linguistic factors lead to change and literary standard (but the process of change is very slow). Certain rules of language out of use and replaced by new ones because of the disappearance of one reality and the appearance of others.

The degree of deviation from the standard dialect speech standard is determined by several factors: the history and development of dialect, socio-economic structure of society, etc. In many cases, you can find the dialect speech language rules that are already out of use in the locale.

 

 

 

2.2 Comparison of British dialects

Cockney

Cockney is probably the second most famous British accent. It originated in the East End of London, but shares many features with and influences other dialects in that region.

Features:

• Raised vowel in words like trap and cat so these sounds like “trep” and “cet.”
• Non-rhoticity: see explanation above under Received Pronunciation, above.
• Trap-bath split: see explanation above under Received Pronunciation.
• London vowel shift: The vowel sounds are shifted around so that Cockney “day” sounds is pronounced IPA dæɪ (close to American “die”) and Cockney buy verges near IPA bɒɪ (close to American “boy”).
• Glottal Stopping: the letter t is pronounced with the back of the throat (glottis) in between vowels; hence better becomes IPA be?ə (sounds to outsiders like “be’uh”).
• L-vocalization: The l at the end of words often becomes a vowel sound Hence pal can seem to sound like “pow.” (I’ve seen this rendered in IPA as /w/, /o,/ and /ɰ/.)
• Th-Fronting: The th in words like think or this is pronounced with a more forward consonant depending on the word: thing becomes “fing,” this becomes “dis,” and mother becomes “muhvah.”

Estuary English (Southeast British)

Estuary is an accent derived from London English which has achieved a status slightly similar to “General American”  in the US. Features of the accent can be heard around Southeast England, East Anglia, and perhaps further afield.  It is arguably creeping into the Midlands and North.

Features:

• Similar to Cockney, but in general Estuary speakers do not front th words or raise the vowel in trap. There are few hard-and-fast rules, however.
• Glottal stoppingof ‘t’ and l-vocalization (see above) are markers of this accent, but there is some debate about their frequency.

West Country (Southwest British) 

West Country refers to a large swath of accents heard in the South of England, starting about fifty miles West of London and extending to the Welsh border.

Features:

• Rhoticity, meaning that the letter r is pronounced after vowels. So, for example, whereas somebody from London would pronounce mother as “muthah,” somebody from Bristol would say “mutherrr“. (i.e. the way people pronounce the word in America or Ireland).
• Otherwise, this is a huge dialect area, so there’s tons of variation.

 

 

Midlands English

Midlands English is one of the more stigmatized of Englishes. Technically, this can be divided into East Midlands and West Midlands, but I won’t get into the differences between the two just now.  The most famous of these dialects is Brummie (Birmingham English).

Features:

• The foot-strut merger, meaning that the syllable in foot and could is pronounced with the same syllable as strut and fudge. (IPA ʊ).
• A system of vowels otherwise vaguely reminiscent of Australian accents, with short i in kit sometimes verging toward IPA kit (“keet”) and extremely open “loose” dipthongs.
• A variety of unusual vocabulary: some East Midlands dialects still feature a variant of the word “thou!”

Northern England English 

These are the accents and dialect spoken north of the midlands, in cities like Manchester, Leeds, and Liverpool. Related accents also found in rural Yorkshire, although there are some unique dialect features there that I won’t get into now.

Features:

• The foot-stut merger: (see the Midlands description above).
• Non-rhoticity, except in some rural areas.
• The dipthong in words like kite and ride is lengthened so that kite can become something like IPA ka:ɪt (i.e. it sounds a bit like “kaaaait”)
• Unique vocab includes use of the word mam to mean mother, similar to Irish English.

 

Geordie

Geordie usually refers to both the people and dialect of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, in Northeast England. The word may also refer to accents and dialects in Northeast England in general. I would classify this as a separate region from the rest of Northern England because it’s so radically different from the language spoken in nearby cities.

Features

• The foot-stut merger(see the Midlands description above).
• Non-rhoticity (in the cities at least)
• The /ai/ dipthong in kite is raised to IPA ɛɪ, so it sounds a bit more like American or Standard British “kate.”
• The /au/ dipthong in “about” is pronounced IPA u: (that is, “oo”) in strong dialects. Hence bout can sound like “boot.”

Welsh English

This refers to the accents and dialects spoken in the country of Wales. The speech of this region is heavily influenced by the Welsh language, which remained more widely spoken in modern times than the other Celtic languages.

Features:

• Usually non-rhotic.
• English is generally modelled after Received Pronunciation or related accents, but with many holdovers from the Welsh language.
• Syllables tend to be very evenly stressed, and the prosody of the accent is often very “musical”.
• The letter r is often trilled or tapped.
• Some dialect words imported from the Welsh language.

 

Scottish English

This is the broad definition used to describe English as it is spoken in the country of Scotland. Note that Scottish English is different than Scots, a language derived from Northumbrian Old English that is spoken in Scotland as well. That being said, Scots has a strong influence on how English in Scotland is spoken.

Features:

• Rhotic, with trilled or tapped r’s.
• Glottal stopping of the letter t when in between vowels (similar to Cockney and related accents).
• Monopthongal pronounciations of the /ei/ and /ou/ dipthongs, so that that face becomes IPA fe:s and goat becomes IPA go:t. [10]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Conclusion

 

In this term paper was given general overview of English dialects and their role in the linguistics. Dialect is a variety of a language spoken by a group of people and having features of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation that distinguish it from other varieties of the same language. Dialect is usually developed as a result of geographic, social, political, or economic barriers between groups of people who speak the same language.  In addition to the purely communicative function of dialect as a variety of language, we should not overlook that dialect is also a powerful source of personal information, in the sense that the way we speak our language is highly influenced by both our social status and our region of origin.

The term paper has revealed the way of dialect creation and development.  Also we have considered English dialect as composer of Standard English. Since the formation of a literary language of a people is usually a dialect of everyday communication. Literary same language could potentially operate in all areas of public life - in literature, in public administration, in schools, and science, in the production and life, at a certain stage of development of society, he has become a universal means of communication. The process is complex and diverse, as in it besides the standard language and dialects are involved intermediate forms of everyday conversation.

To sum up, the term paper has attempted to provide the reader with some insights into the influence of social values on dialectal variation in England. Unlike many other countries, England is an extraordinary example of the close relationship that there can exist between regional variation and social stratification. For many years, this relationship has been responsible for the misleading assumption that non-standard dialects are unpleasant deviations from the purity and beauty of the standard norm. Nevertheless, from what we have searched in this paper, it should be clear by now that linguistic judgments based on aesthetic values are to be completely discarded from any  kind of linguistic discussion. The growing presence of some non-standard varieties in some of England’s official institutions (e.g. the BBC) has been extremely beneficial to their widespread acceptance as linguistic varieties in their own right, and not as ungrammatical or incorrect deviations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Beyond the British Isles), CUP, 1982.

10. http://dialectblog.com/british-accents/
11. www.merriam-webster.com