Автор: Наталья ***, 15 Октября 2010 в 14:41, реферат
Система образования в Великобритании
1. School
2. Elementary school
3. High school
4. Private school
5. Sixth class and colleges of the further training
6. Higher education
Федеральное агенство по
Волгоградский государственный технический университет
кафедра иностранных языков
«Education in Great Britain»
I. School
In
Great Britain 30.000 comprehensive schools and 2300 – private (individual),
named "independent sector" work. The majority of comprehensive
schools (from 60 up to 90%) - mixed. The private schools work as mixed
basically for the younger schoolboys, the training in the senior classes
is conducted separately. In comprehensive schools children study, as
a rule, complete day, the educational week makes 5 days.
II. Elementary school
To go in school to children 2-4 years in England and Wales it is absolutely not necessary. Moreover, the parents and prefer to give back them in children's gardens having programs of preschool preparation, or in private (individual) groups organized frequently by parents. There are also special commercial groups, in which children train on the special techniques, for example on a method Montessori.
The obligatory education begins in England, Wales and Scotland - per 5 years, in Northern Ireland - per 4 years. Per 11 years in all parts of Great Britain children pass in high school (except for Scotland, where children translate per 12 years).
The
elementary schools are different. Irrespective of a type of school the
schoolboys should pass an obligatory base rate of an elementary school,
thus the administration has the right independently to decide(solve),
what subjects, in what volume and in what class are studied, under what
manuals and techniques the teaching is conducted. A natural consequence
is that fact, that learned for the certain period by the schoolboys
of different schools the educational material does not coincide.
Now there are four types of high schools.
In Municipal technological colleges (MTC) most gifted children act, from which prepare the experts of a high class in the field of modern technologies and business; in 1992 of such colleges was only 14. MTC - the special educational institutions, in which are taught obligatory subjects of a general (common) cycle, but.
The most serious attention is given to teaching of subjects having the attitude (relation) to modern business, especially information technologies. The majority of children (90%) England, the Wales and Scotland visit (attend) comprehensive schools. It is explained by that in these schools accept all children irrespective of abilities and train in all subjects, which enter into a base rate of high school. It is analogue of our usual regional schools without the profound study of subjects. From here teenagers who have reached (achieved) 16 years, are sent or in 6th form colleges, or in tertiary colleges.
About 4% of children become the schoolboys grammar schools are children shown abilities and proved, that they can study under the programs of an academic structure. Besides, by analogy, it some kind of our specialized schools with that difference, that in our specialized schools is profound teach one or several subjects, and at the British schools a level of teaching on all basic disciplines - profound. Children here study up to 18 and even 19 years.
Others attend secondary modern schools. Here accept children till 16 years having good practical skills.
Very much few high schools have the sixth class. As a rule, wishing continue education should to act in Sixth Form Colleges. In these colleges the teenagers from 16 till 19 years can study, the training is conducted only on day time branch. The young people older 19 years is not accepted in colleges – for them it is necessary to act in tertiary college or college of further education.
In Northern Ireland of children are still enlisted in school by results of testing. Only very much few schools accept children without preliminary testing.
In
Scotland the majority of high schools all of them are not specialized
- basically comprehensive, and in them there is also sixth class. The
teenagers who have finished school, not having of the sixth class, can
proceed (pass) in another to this last year, not testing thus of difficulties
connected to search of school. 96% of children - schoolboys of state
high schools, others 4% study in private schools.
IV. Private schools
In private schools 7% of all children of Great Britain studies only.
In Great Britain today works about 550 private schools. In Northern Ireland is open 21 private schools.
The reforms of system of education of Great Britain have touched the contents of educational process. Both the parents, and experts did not accept that children too early began "to sort" by propensity to those or other sciences. In a result some subjects, necessary for the formed (educated) man, dropped out of a school rate absolutely.
The basic subjects are only three: English language, mathematics, science. Obligatory are 7: technology, history, geography, music, art, physical education, modern foreign language. Depending on a stage of training the greater attention to this or that subject is given. Some subjects are absent at the first stages, and occur only on last (for example, modern foreign language).
The religion as a subject officially is not present at the list of school disciplines, nevertheless religious (and sexual, we shall add) education is obligatory. At lessons the basic attention give to a Christianity, but tell as well about others religious trends, which representatives live in Great Britain. Daily at schools there passes a collective church service. The parents have the right to release (exempt) the child from study of religion and visiting of services irrespective of, at school with what the child studies in a part of Britain.
As
the circle of subjects investigated at schools of Scotland was already
marked, it is much wider: besides subjects accepted in England and Wales,
the obligatory study of modern European language, sociology, technological
practice, music or drama is included still. The new requirements on
testing in such subjects, as Latin language, mathematics, modern languages,
fine arts, ecology are published. The religious and spiritual education
also is switched on in school process. In Northern Ireland basic are
religion and six disciplines: English language, mathematics, science
and technology, environment and society (community), various kinds of
art. The rate of each consists of disciplines from several subjects,
some subjects are obligatory.
V. Sixth class and colleges of the further training
The
colleges of the further training can be both state, and private (individual).
The majority of them are specialized (professional) in others the students
study general educational disciplines with a sight on academic education.
The contents of vocational training is developed in close cooperation
with the representatives of local business concerns, that the graduates
were in demand and easily could find to itself job. It is possible to
study both on day time branches, and on evening. Some programs named
"sandwich" include theoretical disciplines and practical job
in the elected area at the enterprises. About receipt in these educational
institutions it is necessary to begin to think one year prior to leaving
school. The majority have the strictly certain terms of reception of
the documents.
VI. Higher education
In Great Britain 89 universities (including institute of remote education and 70 high schools. From them 39 are considered new. They were created after the Certificate (act) of 1992.
Oldest universities - Oxford (is open in 12 century) and Cambridge (13 centuries). The Scottish universities St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh were open at 15-16 centuries. The Oxford and Cambridge universities are known everything, even by (with) the people which are not going to study abroad. Will say by exaggeration nevertheless, that they - "best". Certainly, any high school in the world can not be compared to these by two universities on prestige. For eight centuries of existence history them has appeared filled various events. The famous people here studied. For example, Margaret Tetchier has ended faculty of chemistry in Oxford. These universities have turned to national legends. But also other "ancient" universities, as for example St. Andrews, have also very high reputation. After 1980 many young high schools, basically polytechnic have appeared, the level of teaching at those universities has changed which before did not compete to Oxford and Cambridge. In result some diplomas of these high schools are appreciated even above, than Oxford and Cambridge. Especially it concerns some modern specialties. Maximum education - First Degree Study (degree of the bachelor)
The
government of Great Britain is regular spends an independent estimation
of a level and quality of teaching in high schools. The estimation is
spent on four-mark system, it are taken into account a saturation of
the educational schedule, level of teaching, security by technical resources.
To receive an estimation the high school "is approved" should
on all parameters to receive an estimation not below 2.
В Великобритании 30 000 единых школ и 2 300 частных, названных «независимый сектор». Большинство единых средних школ (60-90%) – смешанные. Работа частных школ как смешанных в основном для младших школьников, обучение в старших классах проводится отдельно. Исследования показали, что, как правило, в единых средних школах полный день, образовательная неделя состоит из 5 дней.
Начальная школа.
Абсолютно не нужно детям в возрасте 2-4 лет в Англии и Уэльсе идти в школу. Родители предпочитают отдавать их в детские сады с наличием в программах дошкольной подготовки или в отдельные группы, организовываемые часто родителями. Есть также специальные коммерческие группы, в которых дети обучаются по специальным методам, например, по методу Montessori.
Обязательное образование начинается в Англии, Уэльсе и Шотландии - в 5 лет, в Северной Ирландии – в 4 года. Во всех частях Великобритании дети переходят в среднюю школу в 11 лет ( за исключением Шотландии, где дети переходят в 12 лет).
Начальные школы различны. Независимо
от типа школы, школьники
Сегодня есть четыре типа средних школ.
В муниципальных технологических колледжах( МТС) , в которых готовят экспертов высокого класса в области современных технологий и бизнеса; в 1992 таких колледжей было только 14. МТС – специальные образовательные учреждения, в которых преподаются обязательные предметы общего цикла.
Но
самое серьезное внимание
Приблизительно 4% детей становятся школьниками средних школ; это дети, показавшие свои способности и доказавшие, что могут изучить программы, согласно академической структуре. Кроме того, по аналогии, это некоторые наши специализированные школы с тем различием, что в наших школах уделяется повышенное внимание одному или нескольким предметам, а в британских – всем основным дисциплинам. Здесь дети учатся до 18 или 19 лет.
Другие посещают вторичные
У немногих средних школ есть шестой класс. Как правило, обучение продолжается в Sixth Form Colleges. В этих колледжах могут учиться подростки от 16 до 19 лет. Молодые люди старше 19 лет не принимаются в колледжи; им необходимо поступать в третичные колледжи или коллежи дальнейшего образования.
В Северной Ирландии детей
все еще принимают в школу
по результатам тестирования. Только
очень немногие школы
В Шотландии большинство
III.Частные школы
В частных школах учатся только 7% всех детей Великобритании.
В Великобритании сегодня работает приблизительно 550 частных школ. В Северной Ирландии открыта 21 частная школа.
Реформы системы образования Великобритании коснулись содержания образовательного процесса. И родители, и эксперты признавали, что дети слишком рано начали проявлять склонности к другим наукам. В результате некоторые предметы, необходимые для образованного человека, выпадали из школьной программы абсолютно.
Основных предметов только три:
Религия как предмет официально не присутствует в списке школьных дисциплин, однако религиозное образование обязательно. На уроках основное внимание уделяется христианству, но говорится также и о других религиозных тенденциях. Ежедневно в школах проходит коллективная церковная служба. Родители имеют право освободить ребенка от изучения религии.
Поскольку круг предметов
IV.Шестой класс и колледжи дальнейшего обучения.