Computers

Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение

   высшего профессионального образования

Филиал  ФГОУ ВПО «Южно-Уральский государственный университет» (НИУ) в г. Сатке

Кафедра «Гуманитарных и социально-экономических  наук» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Реферат 

По  дисциплине: Английский язык

тема: Компьютеры 
 
 
 

                                                 

                                                                             

                                                                                Автор работы (проекта)

                                                   студент группы СтЭД-167

                                                   Десяткова М.И

                                                   _____________________2011 г. 

                                                      

                                                                                Работу проверил

                                                                                Преподаватель иностранного

                                                                                языка

                                                                                Симанович И.П

                                                                                с оценкой (прописью, цифрой)

                                                   ______________________

                                                                               _____________________2011 г.

                      
 

 
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

ВВЕДЕНИЕ………………………………………………………………………..3

ГЛАВА I…………………………………………………………………………...4

1. Computers……………………………………………………………………….4

2. Component of computers………………………………………………………..4

2.1. Hardware………………………………………………………………………4

2.1.1. Input hardware………………………………………………………………4

2.1.2. Processing hardware………………………………………………………...5

2.1.3. Storage hardware……………………………………………………………5

2.1.4. Output hardware…………………………………………………………….5

2.2. Software……………………………………………………………………….6

ГЛАВА II. Internet……………………………………………………………….7

1. The history of Internet………………………………………………………….7

2. Internet users……………………………………………………………………7

3. Service is e-mail………………………………………………………………..7

4. The basic problems……………………………………………………………..8

ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ…………………………………………………………………..9

БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК………………………………………….10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

ВВЕДЕНИЕ 

     Lately computers have filled our life. Now they are almost in each family. We have got used to them and we do not imagine our leisure without this miracle-machine. Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing and they have enhanced modern communication systems. They are essential tools in almost every field of research, from constructing models of the universe to producing tomorrow's weather reports. Using of different databases and computer networks make available a great variety of information sources.

     With the help of computers the Internet has entered into our life. It became an integral part of a life of each person. Now people cannot live a day without checking of mail and visiting their favorite sites. The Internet is not only the assistant in daily work, it is also the other world in which there are mail boxes, libraries, photo galleries, games, shops. By means of the Internet people can travel to different cities, visit tourist places, communicate with people.

     But such the computer and the Internet? It is detailed in the text. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

1. Computers

 

     The term computer is used to describe a device made up to combination of electronic and electromechanical (part electronic and mechanical) components. Computer has no intelligence by itself and is referred to as hardware.

The basic job of the computer is the processing of information. Computers accept information in the form of instruction called a program and characters to perform mathematical and logical operations and then give the results. 
 

2. Component of computers

 

A computer system is a combination of 5 elements:

1. Hardware
2. Software
3. People
4. Procedures
5. Data/ Information

 
 

1. Hardware

 

     Hardware – the mechanical, magnetic, electronic and electrical devices composing a computer system.

     Computer hardware can be divided into four categories:

1. Input hardware
2. Processing hardware
3. Storage hardware
4. Output hardware

 
 

1. Input hardware

 

     The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert it into a form suitable for computer processing.

Input hardware:

1. Keyboard - the complete set, the levers-keys located in a certain order at any mechanism for management of any device or for information input
2. Mouse - the mechanical manipulator, reformative mechanical movements in cursor movement on the screen.
3. Light pen - one of tools of input of the graphic data in the computer, a version of manipulators.
4. Scanner - the device or the program which is carrying out scanning, i.e. object research, supervision over it or reading of its parameters.
5. Microphone - the electro-acoustic device transforming sound fluctuations in fluctuations of an electric current, the input equipment
6. Video camera - devices for videorecording

 
 
 

2.1.2 Processing hardware 

     The purpose of processing hardware is retrieve, interpret and direct the execution of software instructions provided to the computer. The  most common components of processing hardware are the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and main memory.

     CPU is the brain of the computer. It reads and interprets software instructions and coordinates the processing activities that must take place. 

Memory

     Is the system of component of the computer in which information is stored.

There are two types of computer memory: RAM and ROM. 

RAM (random access memory) is the volatile computer memory, used for creating loading and running program and for manipulating and temporarily storing data 

ROM () is nonvolatile, nonmodifiable computer memory used to hold programmed instructions to the system. 
 

  2.1.3 Storage hardware 

      The purpose of storage hardware is to store computers instruction and data in a form that is relatively permanent and retrieve when needed for processing.

The most common ways of storing data are Hard Disk, floppy, CD-ROM. 

Hard disk a rigid disc coated with magnetic material for storing program and relatively large amounts of data. 

Floppy disc (diskette) –  plastic disk coated with magnetic material, for storing computer data and program. 

CD-ROM is a compact disk on which a large amount of digitized read- only data can be stored. 
 

  2.1.4 Output hardware 

       The purpose of output hardware is to provide the user with the means to vien information produced by the computer system. Information is output in either hardcopy or softcopy form. 

      Output hardware:

1. Monitor - it is the device intended for a conclusion of the graphic and text information
2. Printer - the remote terminal unit of the computer intended for text translation or schedules on the physical carrier from an electronic kind.

 
 

2.  Software

 

     Software is the term used to describe the instruction that tell the hardware how to perform a task. Without software instructions, the hardware doesn’t know what to do.

     The most important component of the computer system: they create the computer software instructions and respond to the procedures that those instructions present. 

          The software includes 2 kinds:

1. The system softwarej -  is a complex of programs which provide efficient control components of computer system, such as the processor, operative memory, input-output devices
2. Thr application software— the program intended for performance of certain user problems and calculated on direct interaction with the user

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

ГЛАВА II. Internet 

   1 The history of Internet 

     The Internet is a global computer network, which embraces hundred of millions of users all over the world and helps us to communicate with each other.

    The history of Internet began in the United States in 1969. It was a military experiment, designed to help to survive during a nuclear war, when everything around might be polluted by radiation and it would be dangerous to get out for any living being to get some information to anywhere. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest and safest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the net will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology was called packet switching. 
 

   2 Internet users 

     Most of the Internet host computers (more that 50 %) are in the USA, while rest are located in more that 100 other  countries. It is clear that the accurate number of users can be counted fairly approximately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet today, because there are hundred of millions of users and their number is growing. 
 

   3 Service is e-mail 
 

    Nowadays the most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. They can do it either they are at home or in the internet clubs or at work. Other popular services are available on the Internet too. It is reading news, available on some dedicated news servers, telnet, FTP servers, etc. 

   4 The basic problems 

However, there are some problems. The most important problem is security. When you send an e-mail, your message can travel through many different networks and computers. The data is constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers called routers. Because of this, it is possible to get into any of the computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet. But there are many encoding programs available. Notwith-standing, these programs are not perfect and can easily be cracked. 

The basic pluses and minuses: 

Minuses:

- Impossibility to confirm reliability of the data in many cases

- At misuse confidentiality loss (much that it is possible to learn about the person on the Internet)

- The Internet can't replace the present, live dialogue.

- The Russian segment of the Internet frequently promotes a piracy.

- Swindle  

Pluses:

- General availability of the information from any point of the Earth

- Continuous work

- Purchase of the goods on the Internet 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ 

     Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing and they have enhanced modern communication systems. They are essential tools in almost every field of research, from constructing models of the universe to producing tomorrow's weather reports.

     The Internet too is very useful, because it's a huge database of knowledge, from the pictures of family trips to an analysis of quantum mechanics. 

     With the advent of computers and the Internet human life has changed for the better. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

     БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК 

     Книги и учебные пособия: 

     1.Агабекян, И.П. Английский для технических вузов/ Под ред. И.П.Агабекян, П.И. Коваленко.-10-е изд.-Ростов н/Д: Феликс,200/349 с. 

     2. Богацкий, И.С. Бизнес-курс английского языка/ Под общей ред. И.С.Богацкого, Н.М.Дюканова- 5-е изд.,испр.-Киев:ООО «ИП Логос»,2003.-352с. 
 

     Источник  сети интернет: 

1. http://english-exam.ru
2. http://www.efl.ru/