Appraising the European Central Bank

     Дальнейшие  усовершенствования срока службы аккумулятора требуются. Цветовые экраны и дополнительные помещенные функции, увеличивая требования на источнике власти{мощи} устройства, и событиях батареи не могут продолжить достаточно быстро давать компенсацию. Однако, различные технологии показа, типа показов OLED, e-бумаги, или относящихся к сетчатке глаза показов, и более шикарных{более сильных} аппаратных средств ЭВМ связи (направленные антенны, многорежимные, и телефоны соединения равноправных узлов ЛВС) могут уменьшить требования власти{мощи}, в то время как новые технологии власти{мощи} типа топливных ячеек могут обеспечить лучшую способность{вместимость} энергии.

     Новая технология в Японии объединила{скомбинировала} RFID принцип чипа в телефонную трубку и завербовала это до сети читателей и интерфейсов. Система, задавала тон NTT Докомо и SonyEricsson, называется FeliCa и есть приблизительно 10 000 складов{магазинов} удобства, где можно теперь использовать телефон, чтобы заплатить за товары только 'swiping' это по плоскому читателю. Заряжая телефон с заранее оплаченными наличными кредитами, это может действовать как сложный{искушенный} бумажник мобильного телефона. Технология оказывается популярной и есть теперь даже торговые автоматы, которые принимают эту форму оплаты.

     Поставка  мультимедийных и содержание радиопередачи, включая видео к мобильным  телефонам начинает становиться  действительностью с откачкой MediaFLO Куолкомма. Кроме того, есть два главных конкурирующих стандарта DMB - Цифровое Радиовещание Мультимедиа - и DVB-H - версия телефонной трубки Цифрового Видео Радиовещательный стандарт. Эти методы избегают затоплять сеть, используя традиционное радиовещание.

     Просмотр  изображения{образа}, как замечено в  существующем исследовании [7] [8]. Со временем, это может развиться в полный 3-ий texturing и моделирование. Маловероятно, что сотовые телефоны будут иметь власть{мощь} обработки строить модели и структуры. Но это, вероятно, что полоса пропускания свяжется видео, и получать обработанную модель будет существовать.

     Есть  несколько сотовых телефонов, которые  могут исполнить расположение GP. В будущем, расположение GP может  быть вместе с расположением акселерометра, для того, чтобы закрыть{охватить} метрополитен{подполье} или внутреннее расположение. Это вероятно вело бы к картам и помощи, находящей, куда каждый идет. Это также поддержало бы социальные усилия, типа расположения друзей или членов группы поблизости, и идентификации некоторых незнакомцев. Технология GP, уже доступная в  некоторых телефонах, в то время  как вместе с телефоном камеры, может также позволить, что пользователи в будущем к не только делают снимок, но и хватают точного местоположения и угла, под которым картина  была взята{предпринята}. 

     ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF MAINTENANCE OF EMPLOYMENT  
IN BYELORUSSIA AND THEIR DECISION

     The basic problems of maintenance of employment of the population concern:  
Decrease in unemployment among population groups, the most vulnerable on a labor market, and strengthening of measures on their state support; Creation of conditions for effective employment of inhabitants of problem settlements and regions; Achievement of conformity of vocational structure of workers to requirements of development of national economy; Increase of territorial mobility of labor.

     One of key problems is assistance in employment of the citizens not capable on equal terms to compete on a labor market and especially needing social protection: youth; invalids; persons from among children-orphans; parents in having many children and incomplete families; the citizens released from establishments of criminally-executive system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. To the given categories of the population the state guarantees employment by creation of additional workplaces and the specialized organizations (including the organizations for work of invalids), establishments of the reservation for employment, the training organizations under special programs. During the last years at reduction of an aggregate number of the unemployed in their structure relative density of the persons needing additional guarantees of employment which has reached 24 % has grown. Rather sharply there is a problem of employment of the youth which many representatives in the absence of experience of practical work, and in some cases and qualifications are noncompetitive on a labor market. Persons at the age from 16 till 29 years, making 24,1 % of economically active population, give 40,1 % of all contingent of the unemployed.

     For the purpose of decrease in youth unemployment and increase of chances of young men on a labor market the state gives them additional guarantees of employment: maintenance of the first workplace with the unemployed is elderly to 21 years, the vocational training and vocational counseling organization. Important guarantee of employment of graduates of the higher, average special and professional educational institutions is their state distribution: in 2008 it is distributed for work of 114,5 thousand graduates. The graduates not subject to distribution and having problems with employment, and also the youth which has passed professional training in a direction of public service of employment, have an opportunity employments on specially created student's places under the program «Youth practice».

     So, in 2008 on the reserved workplaces it is accepted for work of 6 820 unemployed aged to 21 years, in frameworks of "Youth practice»  1 492 young men are employed. Besides, pupils and students have possibility to earn additionally during free time from study in work and rest camps, and also on time workplaces in school and interschool industrial practice workshops. In summer vacations the considerable number of student's building groups is occupied in the agricultural and repair-building organizations of Republic.

     In 2008 time labor employment for 39,1 thousand persons from among student's and studying youth is organized.In Belarus, as well as in the majority of other countries, unemployment among women above, than among men: women make 52,8 % in economically active population and 60,1 % – in an aggregate number of the unemployed. 
Most of all the unemployed – representatives of the weaker sex – is in Gomel (4,2 thousand persons) and Brest (4,1 thousand persons) areas.

     Therefore within the limits of realization state and regional programs of assistance of employment of the population the special attention is given to the measures directed on increase of labor potential and employment of women. The prime right of a direction to professional training is received by jobless mothers who long time didn't work in connection with holiday on care of the child till 3 years. In 2008 training to bases of enterprise activity in a placement service direction have passed more than 300 women. The state encourages the female initiative connected with the organization of self-employment and enterprise activity. So, last year the placement service gives grants and money resources for the organization of own business to 2 695 unemployed. And every second, got financial support, – the woman.For decrease in a sharpness of female unemployment in republic specialized fairs of vacancies with primary use of female work are annually spent.

     Active assistance of employment of women yields results: for the last year their relative density in number of the unemployed was reduced from 65,5 % (to January, 1st, 2008) to 60,6 %. In republic special attention of socially-psychological and labor rehabilitation is given is long idle citizens. Employment public service will organize for them psychological support and training to receptions of active job search. They receive a direction on vocational training and conversion training mainly under concrete demands of employers with a guarantee of the subsequent employment. For this category of the unemployed time paid public works will be organized also. Information actions – «Fair of vacancies», «Day of the enterprise» are annually carried out, etc.

     In 2008 52,4 thousand unemployed have taken part in paid public works.

     Problems of employment and labor rehabilitation of invalids in our country dare by creation and booking for them the adapted workplaces, the organization of vocational training, support of the specialized enterprises of invalids. Last year assistance in employment of 2,6 thousand is rendered invalids, including 1,2 thousand persons is arranged on the reserved workplaces; on vocational training 463 invalids are directed; labor rehabilitation of 509 unemployed from among invalids is organized. Thus employment public service compensates expenses for the got equipment for creation of 134 workplaces of invalids.

     Bodies on work, employment and population social protection give to the enterprises of public organizations of invalids returnable budgetary loans for creation of workplaces. For example, in Vitebsk area actively cooperates with employment public service Orshansky ПЧУП "Eluiz" ОО of "BelTIZ" to which in 2006-2008 it is allocated three budgetary loans for a total sum of 70 million rbl. for the purpose of creation of nine workplaces for persons with the limited possibilities. Under special control there is an employment of the citizens, obliged to refund the expenses spent by the state on the maintenance of children, being on the state maintenance.

     In 2008 it is employed 98,1 % of such people (in 2007 – 84,3 %). In total for 2007-2008 employment more than 16,3 thousand persons (99,2 %) is provided. The series of measures on labor, medical and socially-psychological rehabilitation of the obliged persons is accepted by interested state bodies, employers. The main objective – to protect interests of children from unsuccessful families, to return асоциальных parents to a healthy, labor way of life, diligent performance of family duties. One of vital issues in sphere of employment of the population is the structural and territorial disbalance of supply and demand of labor.

     During the last years on a national labor market there was a situation when demand for workers and quantity of available vacancies have exceeded number of the unemployed. But thus almost 77 % of available vacancies are connected with working trades. Such state of affairs cardinally doesn't change throughout a number of years.

     For maintenance of quantitative and qualitative conformity between the offer of shots and demand for them a placement service together with educational bodies, the branch ministries and local authorities should carry out constant monitoring of a situation on a labor market, predict possible changes of requirements in experts in the foreseeable future.

     Under forecasts of International research center The Economist Intelligence Unit (the United Kingdom Great Britain and Northern Ireland), the next 15 years: in the developed countries the further aging of the population and increase of the importance of a role of female work in economy will be observed; on a labor market workers with the developed creative abilities become more demanded.

     Among the most demanded trades of the future name experts of IT technologies, workers in sphere of the finance and medicine.

     In Belarus certain distinctions in a condition and possibilities of regional labor markets remain. So, on the end of 2008 as a whole on republic on 1 unemployed 1,36 vacant workplaces, in Minsk – 4,6, and in Vitebsk area – only 0,8 conditionally were necessary. Especially significant problem is made inherent in a number of settlements and areas by backwardness of industrial and social infrastructures. Presence there only individual enterprises limits for local population of possibility and a work sphere of application. So, on the end of 2008 from 118 areas and 12 cities of regional submission in 85 rate of unemployment there was more low 1 %, in 37 – 1,1 %-1,5 %, in 6 – 1,6 %-2 %, in 2 – more than 2 %.

     For acceleration of the decision of problems of social and economic development of such administrative and territorial units the State complex program of development of regions, small and average city settlements for 2007-2010, confirmed by the Decree of the President of Byelorussia from June, 7th, 2007 № 265 is realized. 
The program provides to realize in 187 settlements about 1 000 investment projects. As a result the rate of unemployment should decrease to 1 %, having come nearer to average indexes on area, quality of life of the population considerably will raise. Last year in development of small and average city settlements it is invested 4 660 billion rbl., there it is created 31 thousand workplaces, from them 7,7 thousand – in small cities with most difficult situation in employment sphere.

     So, in small cities of Vitebsk area there was a realization over 240 investment projects and actions, 15 new manufactures are organized. Realization of the investment project in Open Society branch «Orshansky industrial complex of building materials» is finished.In the item of Kopys openly woodworking manufacture.

     In joint-stock company «Lepelsky dairy-canning industrial complex»  have started to let out ice-cream, in the item of Bolbasovo corrugated cardboard manufacture, in the item of Rossony – products from polymeric materials, in Postavy – полистирольных plates is mastered.

     As result, for 2008 has improved and the situation with employment in 166 small cities of republic was stabilized, number of the unemployed there has decreased on 2,9 thousand persons, or on 27 %. The employment solution of a problem in countryside is promoted by realization of the Government program of revival and village development for 2005-2010, confirmed by the Decree of the President of Byelorussia from March, 25th, 2005 № 150. Increase of level of agricultural production, arrangement of agrosmall towns make positive impact on agricultural population employment.

     In 2008 at the expense of all sources of financing on village it is created more than 19 thousand workplaces, it is employed 27 thousand unemployed, financial support in the organization of own business is rendered 371 unemployed.

     To solve problems of employment of peasants to no small degree development agro- and ecotourism allows. Last year the citizens, wishing to be engaged in this kind of business, have received privileges. The decree of the Head of the state from March, 27th, 2008 № 185 «About some questions of realization of activity in sphere agro- and ecotourism» has defined the simplified procedure for registration of objects which is extended to interested persons to accept tourists of inhabitants of villages, and also city settlements and cities with population to 20 thousand persons. Besides, owners of agromanors had a possibility to cooperate with travel companies.

     One of directions of a policy of employment is regulation of internal labor migration and redistribution of a manpower on regions taking into account their requirement for experts.«And it is necessary to search for work as a whole on republic, instead of in concrete settlement. Workers on agricultural productions, on again created factories are necessary to us, builders of the most different specialities», – the Head of the state in the annual Message to the Belarus people and National meeting of Byelorussia has underlined on April, 29th, 2008

     It is necessary to notice that employment public service in our country already uses such active measure on a labor market, as voluntary resettlement of families of the unemployed on a new residence. So, last year have moved on a new residence and have received workplaces of 346 families. 10 years ago their number didn't exceed 20–25.

     However it not to the full satisfies requirements work is insufficient regions and economy spheres in labor, interests of inhabitants of territories and settlements in which the intense situation with employment maintenance remains. Therefore it is necessary to make active efforts of all interested state structures on creation of necessary conditions at which labor migration begins to play a significant role in maintenance of effective employment of citizens.

     АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ  ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ЗАНЯТОСТИ  
В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ БЕЛАРУСЬ И ИХ РЕШЕНИЕ

     К основным проблемам обеспечения  занятости населения относятся:  
снижение безработицы среди групп населения, наиболее уязвимых на рынке труда, и усиление мер по их государственной поддержке;  
создание условий для эффективной занятости жителей проблемных населенных пунктов и регионов; достижение соответствия профессионально-квалификационного состава работников потребностям развития национальной экономики; повышение территориальной мобильности рабочей силы.

     Одной из ключевых задач является содействие в трудоустройстве граждан, не способных на равных условиях конкурировать на рынке труда и особо нуждающихся в социальной защите: молодежи; инвалидов; лиц из числа детей-сирот; родителей в многодетных и неполных семьях; граждан, освободившихся из учреждений уголовно-исполнительной системы МВД.

     Данным  категориям населения государство  гарантирует занятость путем  создания дополнительных рабочих мест и специализированных организаций (включая организации для труда  инвалидов), установления брони для  приема на работу, организации обучения по специальным программам. За последние  годы при сокращении общей численности  безработных в их составе вырос  удельный вес лиц, нуждающихся в  дополнительных гарантиях занятости, который достиг 24%.

     Весьма  остро стоит проблема трудоустройства молодежи, многие представители которой из-за отсутствия опыта практической работы, а в ряде случаев и квалификации неконкурентоспособны на рынке труда. Лица в возрасте от 16 до 29 лет, составляя 24,1% экономически активного населения, дают 40,1% всего контингента безработных. 

     С целью снижения молодежной безработицы  и повышения шансов молодых людей на рынке труда государство предоставляет им дополнительные гарантии занятости: обеспечение первого рабочего места безработным в возрасте до 21 года, организацию профессиональной подготовки и профессиональной ориентации.

     Немаловажной  гарантией трудоустройства выпускников  высших, средних специальных и  профессионально-технических учебных  заведений является их государственное  распределение: в 2008 году распределено на работу 114,5 тыс. выпускников. 

     Выпускники, не подлежащие распределению и испытывающие проблемы с трудоустройством, а также  молодежь, прошедшая профобучение по направлению государственной службы занятости, получают возможность трудоустройства  на специально созданные ученические  места по программе «Молодежная практика».