Al-Qaeda organization development of history

Analysts of Fund Killiama believe that none of the members Al Qaeda are able to throw an open challenge to Zawahiri in the struggle for leadership in the organization. First of all, because no one of comparable experience and a level of understanding of how the group operates on an operational level. Second, there is no-one of sufficient competence to cope with the challenges outlined above. However, the authors give a brief description of the key players in the organization, the role of which in the future could significantly expand (also not ruled out the option that some of them can be separated from the Al-Qaeda as a result of serious differences with the new management) - Nasser al-Wuhayshi, Abu Yahya al-Libi, Saif al-Adel, Attiyah Abdul-Rahman, Abu Hafs al-Mauritani, Suleiman abu Ghaith, Anwar al-Awlaki.¹⁴

Purpose of the organization and its operations

This paragraph will refer to organization operations and its purposes. Here could be the main part of all the research paper, because readers will identify what this organization is and what they really do. Therefore learning all the basic operations, in order to understand what the strategy was and purpose of the organization. Why they wanted to exist and what they wanted to achieve with their action? Everyone here should remain clear as to any specific data that has been reported previously and here it will all be explained by their real activities and action.

Organization strategy

Al-Qaeda's strategy is a logical consequence of its ideology. Al-Qaeda's strategic adjustments have been many, but often a matter of degree rather than type. For this reason, these customizations tell the organizational continuity and organizational change. ¹⁵ Third parties within the network may appear irrational-motivated by an insane hatred grossly unrealistic in their goals, and willing to kill innocent men, women and children to achieve their ends. In fact, al-Qaeda, as well as other terrorist groups operating in the extent to which rational in the sense that it weighs ends and means, consider alternative approaches and calculate the costs and benefits. While the movement can highlight erroneous, it makes logical assumptions based on these regulations. ¹⁶ Among the key strategic priorities of al-Qaeda in mobilizing Muslims on a global jihad against the West and the overthrow of "apostate" regimes, particularly Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Pakistan, remain important goals.

Other objectives are to establish Islamic government in accordance with its ultra-orthodox interpretation of Sunni Islam Hanbali and isolating the majority of Sunni Muslims who follow other schools of Islam, not to mention the Shiites. For al-Qaeda and groups that share its ideology, governments in the Middle East are largely because of U.S. support for their destruction, which is subject to closing this support. Al-Qaeda has sought to achieve this goal, putting pressure on the U.S. to withdraw from the Middle East by committing acts of terrorism increasingly expensive. Al-Qaeda's expected retaliation in the U.S. and it is hoped that this retaliation could be made ​​in the Muslim world as a war against Islam, which could contribute to its propaganda and recruitment efforts.

Organization ideology

Ideology is the key to understand and rule over al-Qaeda and the global jihad phenomenon. On purely material terms, the terrorist organizations are almost always outmatched by government forces, they argue. If a terrorist group in order to survive, it must at least be able to replace the fallen converted to fresh employees. To some extent, the successful operation of any help to serve this purpose, and building morale within the group, and demonstrating to potential converts that the organization is a functionally dynamic. But terrorist attacks, but need not be sufficient to maintain the motion acting against the opponent. Militant extremists also require revolutionary "software" that helps convince the militants, whose underground "lifestyle", a characteristic trend in physical danger, isolation from loved ones, and psychological stress that their mission is worth the sacrifice.

At its core, al-Qaeda's ideology is deeply internationalist in an attempt to contextualize local conflicts as part of a wider global struggle against "apostasy"¹⁷ and "infidels." ¹⁸ Basically, the al-Qaeda ideology is a version of the ideology that the previous RAND study described as "neo-fundamentalism" or "radical fundamentalism", i.e., a set of extremist fundamentalist Islamic beliefs, which borrows many of the characteristics of fascism and Marxism-Leninism, ¹⁹ or "jihad - salafism"²⁰, as described by Gilles Kepel." respect for the sacred text in the most direct way (with), absolute commitment to jihad, "while neither Osama bin Laden nor any other members of his inner circle has formulated a comprehensive vision for the future, bin Laden statements highlight some of the themes and selective interpretation of Islamic law, history and precedent: there is a civilization in which the "Jews and Crusaders" who are trying to destroy Islam war, armed jihad is an individual duty for every Muslim, terrorism and other asymmetric strategies are suited to beat even the strongest power, Islam is under siege by Christians, Jews, secularists, and globalization, as well as the United States economy is vulnerable to the "centre of gravity". These topics are distributed widely over the Internet, books, cassette tapes, and pamphlets, as well as the most notoriously, the videotape in which bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri (sometimes described as bin Laden's deputy) expound on a variety of topics. What makes al-Qaeda propaganda relentlessly difference is the global nature of the distribution and quality of its production.

As a result of this media strategy, Al-Qaeda messages entered deep into the Muslim communities around the world, preying on those Muslims who have a sense of helplessness in the Arab world and the Muslim diaspora in the West. Al Qaeda appears to have had an impact, offering a sense of empowerment for those uninitiated Islamic texts and history.

Economic foundations of the organization

Also need to tell about economic foundation which are very important to every organization to prove or to make it possible.

Separately consider the economic foundations of the organization and its financial structure. As well as many terrorist organizations, such as “Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam”²¹Al-Qaeda uses in the legal side of the business people who are not members of the organization. Income sources are well diversified. The main one is personal wealth of Osama bin Laden, successfully invest money, such as road construction and pharmaceutical sectors Sudan. As well as significant are donations from wealthy Muslim contributions of charities. An important point in the ideological politics of Al-Qaeda is collective contributions of Muslim communities in the Arab world and the Western Diaspora.

What are create the effect of contributions concerning general case and strengthen the tacit support for the organization amongst is not politicized Muslims. Illegal portion of revenues from the profits of drug trafficking and weapons, various financial machinations, including the use of counterfeit money and credit cards.

Organization's cost structure is also quite flexible. In the document was claiming that the creation of “front against the Jews and Crusaders”²² set out with the five principles of finance. The entire fund should be divided into two parts, the first one is used for investments in legitimate businesses, the second - for operational activities, and hosting the second part should in different places, in strict secrecy. Gordon Corera, BBC correspondent leading cause of financial success and low cost calls terrorist to act themselves, which allows making significant money in the modern means of communication and makes the terrorists “elusive”.²³ As for the current stage - the existence of a state of fragmentation, it is difficult to determine how much impact on financial position arrests of senior al-Qaida and measures to combat the “laundering” of money from European financial institutions.

Particularly methods of Al-Qaeda, as a terrorist organization

When it comes to the organization's methods, take into account the interests of all the possible variations and achievement of goals. Need to understand these methods, because of their long time working period.

 Summing up, we can identify a number of features of al-Qaeda as a terrorist group. The main one may be considered like unification in one organization various small groups in different countries around the world, creating a kind of “terrorist international” As part of this - such organizational achievements as creating the established system of recruitment and training of fighters around the world, with particular attention to their psychological and removable ideological training.

Another difference is in the object of activity and the field of political interests of the organization. As noted by Rohan Gunaratna, a former senior analyst the United Nations Office for the Prevention of Terrorism, a group previously fought against one country or a small group, al-Qaeda was the first to terrorist activities around the world.²⁴ Also particularly al-Qaeda is an extraordinarily long period - from year 1989, while most of the terrorist groups after 13-14 years of either disappear, or go to the political methods of struggle. However, this assertion of Western scholars may be questioned, since there is no consensus about what, at what point we can say that there are in fact al-Qaeda, not individual territorial groups of Islamic fundamentalists. Also can be considered controversial, and the assertion that it is the first al-Qaeda has put into practice the use of suicide bombers as performers.

 

The evolution of methods for a terrorist group and a coalition of Western countries

This paragraph is necessary to understand how was developed these techniques mentioned above.

For two decades, the organization changed control methods that are used by both the military and political confrontation. After year 2001 terrorists, in addition, to traditional suicide attacks on military installations and U.S. citizens, have begun to use the mass terrorist attacks against the civilian population of Islamic countries, allies, aimed at intimidating them. This method will only make the achievement of Al-Qaeda announced goals. Furthermore, the practice of hostage-taking, fighting in the coalition - on one hand, and repeated offers and armistice and negotiations, addressed to the United States and other countries in the coalition with the other side.

Opponents of the al-Qaeda have also changed tactics. From a public war against terrorism, which was of the nature of the crusade, the U.S. switched to a policy of “secret war” by the elite Special Forces and aircraft bombing point. Since the image of a fighter for “Enduring Freedom” was compromised by high losses among the civilian population and the scandals of torture in U.S. prisons, it was modified accordingly.²⁵

The presence of the organization in the global information space

An important distinction between al-Qaeda from other terrorist organizations is the fact that they have never taken responsibility for the attacks themselves. This is the lack of geopolitical strategy, because in fact it possible to transform the organization into a universal “scapegoat” and blame in all the actions being conducted against the United States in the world.²⁶ Perhaps this very comfortable positioning of Al-Qaeda, as it creates an image of the ubiquitous and elusive “world of evil.” Identification of al-Qaeda and those groups that are not part of it, carried out by American propaganda, will promote a common identity in the real fundamentalist groups.²⁷ Thus, if tactically this move may not be the most successful, in symbolic terms it is clear and long-term benefits for combining active Islamists.

Thus, the important issue of the formation of in the mass media image of the terrorist organization and the change of the image over time.²⁸ Clear reduction antiterrorist rhetoric Western publications in the second half of the 2000’s gives rise to the theory that al-Qaeda was more imaginary evil, there is more to the global information space, rather than in reality, and functions as a “common enemy”.²⁹ Conflicts can be a useful means to unite groups against a common enemy. In this sense, both the US Administration and Al Qaeda have not only benefited from the “war on terror”, but even share a covert symbiotic relationship.³⁰

Various sites devoted to jihad, appear and disappear in the network at different times, but none of them can be called a “platform” of Al Qaeda. Therefore in the information space group is not represented enough.

The above applies to the tools used by the terrorist group to achieve the objectives of its geopolitical strategy. As al-Qaeda is an unconventional actor in world politics and may not to use official diplomatic mechanisms, or to be represented in any international institutions, it necessary to dwell on its structure and methods of work in as much detail.

 ³¹

Changing the alignment of political forces in the Arab world, under the influence of the al-Qaeda

The fight against terrorism is a sufficient reason to justify intervention in rogue nations, in which, theoretically, could be accommodated militant bases. “Operation Enduring Freedom” (OEF)³² - a response to the attacks of September 11 is divided into 4 sub operations: in Afghanistan, the Philippines, the Horn of Africa and Western Sahara. Countries such as Pakistan, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Jordan easily allows U.S. military bases on its territory. Thus, it can be concluded that over the past decade the U.S. military presence in the Arab world, from Morocco to the Philippines, efforts, and al-Qaeda has made quite opposite its geopolitical goals results.

 

Advantages and disadvantages of the geopolitical strategy of al-Qaeda in terms of achieving its performance goals

With regard specifically to geopolitical strategy of al-Qaeda, it is been declared by Osama bin Laden in the two fatwa’s (from 1996 to 1998 year), that is, the decisions handed down a recognized specialist in religious matters, for any reason. Fatwa can be called analogy legal precedent used in the Anglo-Saxon legal system. Since these documents are religious by its nature, it is necessary to elaborate on this aspect of their content.³³

The main purpose of a terrorist organization proclaimed the overthrow of secular regimes in the Islamic countries, and the establishment of theocracy. In the future, different countries should be combined into a single Islamic caliphate, uniting all Muslims living under Sharia. It should be noted that this objective geopolitical strategy is not completely utopian, but has no basis in real history and religion. The concept of the nation-state is not rooted in the Arab political tradition; it appeared only at the end of XIX century. Earlier Muslims anywhere in the world legally considered to belong to one ummah - the set of all the living Muslims. For the broad masses of the first and most important is the religious identity, then the ethnic or tribal groups, in those areas, where the tribal system (tribalism) is preserved. It is this common cultural and psychological basis - the main resource of the geopolitical strategy of al-Qaeda. For Islamic consciousness sources of legitimacy of political power are fundamentally different, not the will of the people, expressed by creating representative institutions, but the will of God and the political system according to the requirements (accordance with the requirements laid down in the Scriptures) set forth in the Scriptures has the right to interpret Scripture in only a narrow circle of specialists. Thus, the imported democratic political system for most Muslims is not legitimate. This explains the difficulties in establishing democratic institutions, their low efficiency. This also explains the struggle against the U.S. Secular regimes in the Arab world exist is largely through support, financial and military, with the United States. When it stopped, these regimes, according to the logic of the terrorists, they will have the quick change to theocratic. Alternative geopolitical strategy, have long used by other Islamic fundamentalists, it is to fight against their own secular regimes. Which one are more effective strategies - hard to say. On the one hand the emergence of an organization ³⁴ such as al-Qaeda - the answer to the challenges of globalization, and an attempt to deal with its principal conductor, USA. On the other hand, the tactics of terrorism has not brought results: the American military presence in the region has only grown, and the al-Qaeda allied Taliban lose power in Afghanistan. ^35,36

Assessing the effectiveness of the current geopolitical strategy of al-Qaeda is difficult primarily due to the reason that it is not a traditional actor in world politics. Confronting global terrorism and the countries of the Western coalition is impossible to describe any part of the theories of classical realism, either from the point of view of the balance of power and the global chessboard. Al-Qaeda is not a subject of international law, in fact, did not seek to become one. Other terrorist organizations were tied to a particular area; most advanced requirements of national self-determination and had a moderate wing, expressing their interest in the recognized political institutions. Currently, such organizations of Islamic fundamentalism, like Hamas and Hezbollah are also seeking to be represented in the elected bodies of those regimes, are fighting against (fought). These organizations see Israel as the aggressor, and are more anti-Semitic than the anti-Western. Al-Qaeda has, in its order no territorial binding, except requirement to withdraw coalition troops from countries occupied by them. The situation is absurd when you consider that the official reason for the invasion is the search for al-Qaeda.

Another important drawback of the geopolitical strategy of Al-Qaeda, in part discussed above, is not wide enough 'electoral base' Salafi Islam, which is based on the ideology of Al-Qaeda, a radical offshoot of Sunni Islam, and in fact - a heresy. Salafists are recorded in the number of incorrect primarily Shia Muslims, then Christians and Jews. Therefore fatwa Bin Laden became a legal regulation for the few, and the unification of the whole umma(h) in the Islamic Caliphate on the principles of Salafi Islam - utopian.³⁷ Bin Laden is not generally accepted Alim, and has no right to make these fatwa’s, therefore, Muslims are not obliged to obey them.

Geopolitical goals of Al-Qaeda will be achieved only if its ideologists find a way to combine the Shia and Sunni branches of Islam on the basis of total confrontation with the West. ^38,39 While al-Qaeda is moving in the opposite direction and waging war against all “infidels” -Shiite Muslims, Jews and “crusaders” - simultaneously.

Recommended changes in methods of implementing political doctrine

Summing up we can say that the main goal, declared in a geopolitical strategy of Al-Qaeda, is the overthrow of secular regimes in Muslim countries and the subsequent unification of these states into a single Islamic Caliphate on the principles of Sharia.⁴⁰ Funds currently used for this purpose are to intimidate the governments and population of the Western coalition and especially the U.S., deterrence the civilian population of Muslim countries, cooperating with them. These are considered a means towards us as ineffective. However they need to change not the geopolitical goals, but the methods to achieve them.

1. Need to develop a broader base of ideological activity than Salafi Islam. The base is so widespread in order to overcome the Sunni-Shiite contradictions.
2. The terrorist organization needs a moderate wing, which will represent Islamic fundamentalism in public institutions and in the international legal community.
3. Scare tactics did not lead to a reduction of U.S. involvement in the political process in the Arab world, so it can be called effective. Effective would be for the U.S. to find another candidate for the role of a common enemy, but it seems to go far beyond the capabilities of al-Qaeda.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it may be observed that the Al-Qaeda organization has acted for several years and has successfully grown its development. It has a lot of different activities, which were also described in this paper and proved by given hypothesis. While the whole organization has acted by necessity in their tactics and strategies, it can also be identified as a terror organization that wants to be determinative. As well, it should be noted that the effect is still left in the present day, because even today this organization is active with their power. Everything that has been, of course, also has had an impact on what is happening today and a lot of different terrorist organizations which are difficult to destroy. To fight with them is just as hard as they have their own large part of weapons and power. Therefore, these organizations which are associated with terrorism are very important. They have their own facilities and others do not have a number of options to resist them. One can only deduce that the organization on the whole has one of the largest and most attractive in their field, so it has both problems, as well as effective outcomes. For all this organization has a tactic used by the internal jurisdiction, which is why they had a problem with those who were against them. As they say - if you're with us then you will live if you're against, then die - approximately with the above slogan this organization has developed and operated. Precisely because of their effective growths both could see, hear and discuss.

To better understand what is happening in the organization one must understand that all the chief executive officers or leaders were the ones who started all of the activities. As well as all of its activities related to human life dissatisfaction, religious and other factors that may directly or indirectly affect human animosity (hostility). In this case, everyone has to understand is that organizations do not work just like that; they have certain ideologies and strategies after which they tended to and what they want to achieve. Therefore, each are trying to assert their claims, rights which they feel are important, necessary and required. However people are different and have different thinking and that is why the formation of such an organization occurred, that supports and holds on (cling to) to their theories and leaders for a more efficient living, because they do not know what life would be without this organization.

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