Автор: Пользователь скрыл имя, 04 Апреля 2012 в 16:11, контрольная работа
The term Silicon Valley was coined by Ralph Vaerst, a successful Central California entrepreneur. Its first published use is credited to Don Hoefler, a friend of Vaerst's, who used the phrase as the title of a series of articles in the weekly trade newspaper Electronic News. The series, entitled "Silicon Valley in the USA," began in the paper's issue dated January 11, 1971. Valley refers to the Santa Clara Valley, located at the southern end of San Francisco Bay, while Silicon refers to the high concentration of companies involved in the semiconductor (silicon is used to create most semiconductors commercially) and computer industries that were concentrated in the area. These firms slowly replaced the orchards which gave the area its initial nickname, the Valley of Heart's Delight.
1 Origin of the term
2 History
3 Social roots of information technology revolution
3.1 Roots in radio and military technology
3.2 Stanford Industrial Park
3.3 Silicon transistor and birth of the Silicon Valley
3.4 Law firms
3.5 Venture capital firms
3.6 The rise of software
3.7 Internet bubble
4 Economy
4.1 Notable companies
4.2 Notable government facilities
5 Universities and colleges
6 Cities
7 The Silicon Valley of India
8 PHT in Belarus
9 References
To manage the Hi-Tech Park a special body was set up called the Hi-Tech Park Administration.
According to the Law the Hi-Tech Park Administration is in charge of defining the trends and policies of the national software industry development.
Its main goals are to promote export-oriented software developing companies, to promote the competitiveness of the national hi-tech industry and to provide favorable economic, legal and other conditions for the development of R&D in information technologies and hi-tech exports as well as to attract foreign investments into this area.
HTP Administration Management
Dr. Valery Tsepkalo, Director
InessaKontsevaya, Deputy Director Legal
Alexander Martinkevich, Deputy Director Marketing and Business Development
Alexander Kozlovsky, Deputy Director Construction
Today there are 106 resident-companies at Belarus Hi-Tech Park, who have been engaged in high-end software development, customization and IT-services providing for clients in more than 50 countries of the world.
Governmental Support
Special Law to promote software industry
During the last years the ICT sector in Belarus receives strong governmental support and is one of the top-priority economic sectors to develop. Thus, by the special Law, issued in 2005 Belarus Hi-Tech Park was established with the main goal to support software industry.
HTP Belarus provides special business environment for IT business with incentives unprecedented for European countries.
Due to the legislative initiative of the Belarus government, IT companies are exempt from all corporate taxes, including VAT and profit tax, as well as customs duties. That resulted in a fast boost of IT industry in the country. In 2009 the volume of production of software by the Park’s resident-companies grew tenfold compared to the whole country’s software production in 2005. Individual income tax has a fixed rate of 9 % for the employees of Belarus Hi-Tech Park companies.
High-Quality IT Professionals
50 years of software industry.
IT industry development in Belarus has deep historical roots. More than 40 years of scientific research in hi-tech fields created a world-leading system of technical education and training. As a result, the country's scientific and academic infrastructure still produces top quality engineering specialists.
With its population of approximately 10 million, Belarus hosts the largest and most established European IT outsourcing providers in Eastern Europe and the CIS countries. According to the FORBES Magazine: ”Per Capita Income from IT-Services Export in Belarus exceeds that of Russia and Ukraine“.
Drew Guff, managing director and founding partner of Siguler Guff & Company: “If you have a mission impossible project in software development, send it to Belarus”. The FORBES Magazine: “Belarus focuses on the quality, preferring to hire 1 highly qualified specialist instead of 10 novices.”
References
1.from SiliconValley.com
2. from PriceWaterhouseCoopers.com
3. Timothy J. Sturgeon, Massachusetts Institute of Technology | Timothy J. Sturgeon, Massachusetts Institute of Technology SV GlobalizationPDF (90.0 KiB)
4. Markoff, John (2009-04-17). "Searching for
Silicon Valley".New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://travel.nytimes.com/
5. Stephen B. Adams, "Regionalism in Stanford's Contribution to the Rise of Silicon Valley," Enterprise & Society 2003 4(3): 521-543
6. Christophe Lécuyer, "What Do Universities Really Owe Industry? The Case of Solid State Electronics at Stanford," Minerva: a Review of Science, Learning & Policy 2005 43(1): 51-71
7. The Information Technology Revolution by Marvel Castells (On the history of formation of Silicon Valley by Rogers and Larsen 1984 and Malone 1985)
8.moffettfieldmuseum
9. 1984 printer
10.Goodheart July 2, 2006
11. Silicon Valley: 110 Year Renaissance, McLaughlin, Weimers, Winslow 2008.
12. Graphical User Interface (GUI) from apple-history.com
13. Reed Albergotti, "The Most Inventive Towns in America," Wall Street Journal, 22–23 July 2006, P1.
14. Ibid.
15.Cybercities 2008: An Overview of the High-Technology Industry in the Nation's Top 60 Cities
16. "America's Greediest Cities". Forbes.
3 December 2007. http://www.forbes.com/2007/11/
17.Albanesius, Chloe (24 June 2008). "AeA Study
Reveals Where the Tech Jobs Are". PC Magazine. http://www.pcmag.com/article2/
18. Silicon Valley and N.Y. still top tech rankings
19. Silicon Valley unemployment rate jumps to 9.4 percent
Silicon Valley
Silicon Valley refers to the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California in the United States. The region is home to many of the world's largest technology corporations.The term originally referred to the region's large number of silicon chip innovators and manufacturers, but eventually came to refer to all the high-tech businesses in the area; it is now generally used as a metonym for the American high-tech sector. Despite the development of other high-tech economic centers throughout the United States and the world, Silicon Valley continues to be the leading hub for high-tech innovation and development, accounting for one-third of all of the venture capital investment in the United States. Geographically, the Silicon Valley encompasses all of the Santa Clara Valley including the city of San Jose (and adjacent communities), the southern Peninsula, and the southern East Bay.
According to a 2008 study in 2006, Silicon Valley was the third largest high-tech center (cybercity) in the United States, behind the New York metropolitan area and Washington metropolitan area, with 225,300 high-tech jobs. The Bay Area as a whole however, of which Silicon Valley is a part, would rank first with 387,000 high-tech jobs. Silicon Valley has the highest concentration of high-tech workers of any metropolitan area, with 285.9 out of every 1,000 private-sector workers. Silicon Valley has the highest average high-tech salary at $144,800. Largely a result of the high technology sector, the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area has the most millionaires and the most billionaires in the United States per capita.
The region is the biggest high-tech manufacturing center in the United States.
According to the Silicon Valley Joint Venture Index 2011, Silicon Valley Population is 3 million andthere are 1.3 million Jobs.
Over the past 15 years, Silicon Valley has created some of the world's most successful companies and best-paid workers, while shedding the jobs and industries it no longer needs. As 2011 begins, the drama of job creation and destruction continues ... the number of jobs in the valley today is about the same as in 1995, the year Yahoo was founded and three years before Google was born. Over the same period, the population has grown by 20 percent. And, amid the Great Recession, the number of people here who are unemployed -- hovering around 100,000 for a year and a half -- is the highest since the state began keeping comparable records in 1990. (San Jose Mercury News, January 1, 2011)
Census data for 2010 show median household income was ... $83,944 for the San Jose region, the epicenter of Silicon Valley (WSJ, Oct. 19, 2011 ), compared with the nationwide median of $50,046. (SanJoseMercuryNews, Oct. 19, 2011)
IT industry development in Belarus has deep historical roots. More than 40 years of scientific research in hi-tech fields created a world-leading system of technical education and training. As a result, the country's scientific and academic infrastructure still produces top quality engineering specialists.
With its population of approximately 10 million, Belarus hosts the largest and most established European IT outsourcing providers in Eastern Europe and the CIS countries. According to the FORBES Magazine: ”Per Capita Income from IT-Services Export in Belarus exceeds that of Russia and Ukraine“.
Belarusis going to attempt to create a mini Silicon Valley - a hi-tech park in Minsk for Belarusian offshore programming firms, hardware manufacturers and research facilities.
During the last years the ICT sector in Belarus receives strong governmental support and is one of the top-priority economic sectors to develop. Thus, by the special Law, issued in 2005 Belarus Hi-Tech Park was established with the main goal to support software industry. HTP Belarus provides special business environment for IT business with incentives unprecedented for European countries. Any company operating in the sphere of computer-based technologies can apply for residency within the HTP and benefit from tax-incentives and other advantages it provides.
First residents were registered in 2006. Currently 106 companies are registered as the Park's residents. Half of Belarus HTP resident-companies are foreign companies and joint ventures. By the origin of investments attracted to the sphere of new and high technologies:
53% HTP residents were set up by Belarusian investors,
47% HTP resident was set up with foreign investors participation:
20% – joint ventures
27% – enterprises with 100% foreign investments.
The export share in the total production volume is 80 per cent. The resident companies are successful on North American and European hi-tech markets. Today they have customers in more than 50 countries around the globe. Today world leading corporations, such as Peugeot, Mitsubishi, British Petroleum, Gazprom, Reuters, British Telecom, London Stock Exchange, World Bank, Coca-Cola, etc. are among major consumers of Belarusian software developed in Belarus Hi-Tech Park.
The first building was put into operation in June 2009. The building hosts the Administration of Belarus Hi-Tech Park, offices of HTP resident-companies, IT-Academy and business-incubator.
To manage the Hi-Tech Park a special body was set up called the Hi-Tech Park Administration. HTP administration manages are Valery Tsepkalo, InessaKontsevaya, Alexander Martinkevich, Alexander Kozlovsky.
Today there are 106 resident-companies at Belarus Hi-Tech Park, who have been engaged in high-end software development, customization and IT-services providing for clients in more than 50 countries of the world.
Silicon Valley
Silicon Valley refers to the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California in the United States. The region is home to many of the world's largest technology corporations.[1] The term originally referred to the region's large number of silicon chip innovators and manufacturers, but eventually came to refer to all the high-tech businesses in the area; it is now generally used as a metonym for the American high-tech sector. Despite the development of other high-tech economic centers throughout the United States and the world, Silicon Valley continues to be the leading hub for high-tech innovation and development, accounting for one-third of all of the venture capital investment in the United States.[2] Geographically, the Silicon Valley encompasses all of the Santa Clara Valley including the city of San Jose (and adjacent communities), the southern Peninsula, and the southern East Bay.
According to a 2008 study in 2006, Silicon Valley was the third largest high-tech center (cybercity) in the United States, behind the New York metropolitan area and Washington metropolitan area, with 225,300 high-tech jobs. The Bay Area as a whole however, of which Silicon Valley is a part, would rank first with 387,000 high-tech jobs. Silicon Valley has the highest concentration of high-tech workers of any metropolitan area, with 285.9 out of every 1,000 private-sector workers. Silicon Valley has the highest average high-tech salary at $144,800.[15] Largely a result of the high technology sector, the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area has the most millionaires and the most billionaires in the United States per capita.[16]
The region is the biggest high-tech manufacturing center in the United States.[17][18]
According to the Silicon Valley Joint Venture Index 2011, Silicon Valley Population is 3 million and there are 1.3 million Jobs.
Over the past 15 years, Silicon Valley has created some of the world's most successful companies and best-paid workers, while shedding the jobs and industries it no longer needs. As 2011 begins, the drama of job creation and destruction continues ... the number of jobs in the valley today is about the same as in 1995, the year Yahoo was founded and three years before Google was born. Over the same period, the population has grown by 20 percent. And, amid the Great Recession, the number of people here who are unemployed -- hovering around 100,000 for a year and a half -- is the highest since the state began keeping comparable records in 1990. (San Jose Mercury News, January 1, 2011)
Census data for 2010 show median household income was ... $83,944 for the San Jose region, the epicenter of Silicon Valley (WSJ, Oct. 19, 2011 ), compared with the nationwide median of $50,046. (San Jose Mercury News, Oct. 19, 2011)
IT industry development in Belarus has deep historical roots. More than 40 years of scientific research in hi-tech fields created a world-leading system of technical education and training. As a result, the country's scientific and academic infrastructure still produces top quality engineering specialists.
With its population of approximately 10 million, Belarus hosts the largest and most established European IT outsourcing providers in Eastern Europe and the CIS countries. According to the FORBES Magazine: ”Per Capita Income from IT-Services Export in Belarus exceeds that of Russia and Ukraine“.
Belarusis going to attempt to create a mini Silicon Valley - a hi-tech park in Minsk for Belarusian offshore programming firms, hardware manufacturers and research facilities.
During the last years the ICT sector in Belarus receives strong governmental support and is one of the top-priority economic sectors to develop. Thus, by the special Law, issued in 2005 Belarus Hi-Tech Park was established with the main goal to support software industry. HTP Belarus provides special business environment for IT business with incentives unprecedented for European countries. Any company operating in the sphere of computer-based technologies can apply for residency within the HTP and benefit from tax-incentives and other advantages it provides.
First residents were registered in 2006. Currently 106 companies are registered as the Park's residents. Half of Belarus HTP resident-companies are foreign companies and joint ventures. By the origin of investments attracted to the sphere of new and high technologies:
53% HTP residents were set up by Belarusian investors,
47% HTP resident was set up with foreign investors participation:
20% – joint ventures
27% – enterprises with 100% foreign investments.
The export share in the total production volume is 80 per cent. The resident companies are successful on North American and European hi-tech markets. Today they have customers in more than 50 countries around the globe. Today world leading corporations, such as Peugeot, Mitsubishi, British Petroleum, Gazprom, Reuters, British Telecom, London Stock Exchange, World Bank, Coca-Cola, etc. are among major consumers of Belarusian software developed in Belarus Hi-Tech Park.
The first building was put into operation in June 2009. The building hosts the Administration of Belarus Hi-Tech Park, offices of HTP resident-companies, IT-Academy and business-incubator.
To manage the Hi-Tech Park a special body was set up called the Hi-Tech Park Administration. HTP administration manages are Valery Tsepkalo, InessaKontsevaya, Alexander Martinkevich, Alexander Kozlovsky.
Today there are 106 resident-companies at Belarus Hi-Tech Park, who have been engaged in high-end software development, customization and IT-services providing for clients in more than 50 countries of the world.